{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:27:59Z","timestamp":1791829679170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Robust reference data, representing a large and diverse population, are needed to objectively classify measurements of spondylolisthesis and disc space narrowing as normal or abnormal. The reference data should be open access to drive standardization across technology developers. The large collection of radiographs from the 2nd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to establish reference data. A pipeline of neural networks and coded logic was used to place landmarks on the corners of all vertebrae, and these landmarks were used to calculate multiple disc space metrics. Descriptive statistics for nine SPO and disc metrics were tabulated and used to identify normal discs, and data for only the normal discs were used to arrive at reference data. A spondylolisthesis index was developed that accounts for important variables. These reference data facilitate simplified and standardized reporting of multiple intervertebral disc metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T09:31:23Z","timestamp":1712568683000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reference Data for Diagnosis of Spondylolisthesis and Disc Space Narrowing Based on NHANES-II X-rays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-3523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Metrics, Houston, TX 77056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Grieco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Metrics, Houston, TX 77056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Metrics, Houston, TX 77056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5464-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Reitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000154205.10944.72","article-title":"Not all spondylolisthesis grading instruments are reliable","volume":"434","author":"Timon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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