{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:57:35Z","timestamp":1787497055944,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project Chaalenge","award":["CUP B39J2200305000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B39J2200305000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Timely and reliable fetal monitoring is crucial to prevent adverse events during pregnancy and delivery. Fetal phonocardiography, i.e., the recording of fetal heart sounds, is emerging as a novel possibility to monitor fetal health status. Indeed, due to its passive nature and its noninvasiveness, the technique is suitable for long-term monitoring and for telemonitoring applications. Despite the high share of literature focusing on signal processing, no previous work has reviewed the technological hardware solutions devoted to the recording of fetal heart sounds. Thus, the aim of this scoping review is to collect information regarding the acquisition devices for fetal phonocardiography (FPCG), focusing on technical specifications and clinical use. Overall, PRISMA-guidelines-based analysis selected 57 studies that described 26 research prototypes and eight commercial devices for FPCG acquisition. Results of our review study reveal that no commercial devices were designed for fetal-specific purposes, that the latest advances involve the use of multiple microphones and sensors, and that no quantitative validation was usually performed. By highlighting the past and future trends and the most relevant innovations from both a technical and clinical perspective, this review will represent a useful reference for the evaluation of different acquisition devices and for the development of new FPCG-based systems for fetal monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1712892877000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acquisition Devices for Fetal Phonocardiography: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PoliToBIOMedLab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Sbrollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Morettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PoliToBIOMedLab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Balestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PoliToBIOMedLab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ennio","family":"Gambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Knaflitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PoliToBIOMedLab, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Burattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, March 11). 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