{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1791658916589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Accurate measurements of limb volumes are important for clinical reasons. We aimed to assess the reliability and validity of two centimetric and two optoelectronic techniques for limb volume measurements against water volumetry, defined as the gold standard. Methods. Five different measurement methods were executed on the same day for each participant, namely water displacement, fixed-height (circumferences measured every 5 (10) cm for the upper (lower limb) centimetric technique, segmental centimetric technique (circumferences measured according to proportional height), optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP, based on a motion analysis system), and IGOODI Gate body scanner technology (which creates an accurate 3D avatar). Results. A population of 22 (15 lower limbs, 11 upper limbs, 8 unilateral upper limb lymphoedema, and 6 unilateral lower limb lymphoedema) participants was selected. Compared to water displacement, the fixed-height centimetric method, the segmental centimetric method, the OEP, and the IGOODI technique resulted in mean errors of 1.2, 0.86, \u221216.0, and 0.71%, respectively. The corresponding slopes (and regression coefficients) of the linear regression lines were 1.0002 (0.98), 1.0047 (0.99), 0.874 (0.94) and 0.9966 (0.99). Conclusion. The centimetric methods and the IGOODI system are accurate in measuring limb volume with an error of &lt;2%. It is important to evaluate new objective and reliable techniques to improve diagnostic and follow-up possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T10:24:26Z","timestamp":1713176666000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Limb Volume Measurements: A Comparison of Circumferential Techniques and Optoelectronic Systems against Water Displacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Clinico Citt\u00e0 Studi di Milano, Via Amp\u00e8re, 47, 20131 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Borsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Aliverti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis Th.","family":"Paraskevopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGOODI SrL, Via Gaetano Negri, 4, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"LoMauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12B+<2798::AID-CNCR28>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"The pathophysiology of lymphedema","volume":"83","author":"Mortimer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71608","article-title":"New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease","volume":"124","author":"Mortimer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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