{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:41:28Z","timestamp":1785894088624,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS220007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS220007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","award":["IS220007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS220007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Point-of-care ultrasound imaging is a critical tool for patient triage during trauma for diagnosing injuries and prioritizing limited medical evacuation resources. Specifically, an eFAST exam evaluates if there are free fluids in the chest or abdomen but this is only possible if ultrasound scans can be accurately interpreted, a challenge in the pre-hospital setting. In this effort, we evaluated the use of artificial intelligent eFAST image interpretation models. Widely used deep learning model architectures were evaluated as well as Bayesian models optimized for six different diagnostic models: pneumothorax (i) B- or (ii) M-mode, hemothorax (iii) B- or (iv) M-mode, (v) pelvic or bladder abdominal hemorrhage and (vi) right upper quadrant abdominal hemorrhage. Models were trained using images captured in 27 swine. Using a leave-one-subject-out training approach, the MobileNetV2 and DarkNet53 models surpassed 85% accuracy for each M-mode scan site. The different B-mode models performed worse with accuracies between 68% and 74% except for the pelvic hemorrhage model, which only reached 62% accuracy for all model architectures. These results highlight which eFAST scan sites can be easily automated with image interpretation models, while other scan sites, such as the bladder hemorrhage model, will require more robust model development or data augmentation to improve performance. With these additional improvements, the skill threshold for ultrasound-based triage can be reduced, thus expanding its utility in the pre-hospital setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1713436252000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluation of Deep Learning Model Architectures for Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Hernandez Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support and Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support and Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support and Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support and Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Support and Automation Technologies Group, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.05.019","article-title":"Triage in Medicine, Part I: Concept, History, and Types","volume":"49","author":"Iserson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. 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