{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:29:31Z","timestamp":1780550971590,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dentists, including endodontists, frequently experience musculoskeletal disorders due to unfavourable working postures. Several measures are known to reduce the ergonomic risk; however, there are still gaps in the research, particularly in relation to dental work in the different oral regions (Quadrants 1\u20134). Methods: In this study (of a pilot character), a total of 15 dentists (8 male and 7 female) specialising in endodontics were measured while performing root canal treatments on a phantom head. These measurements took place in a laboratory setting using an inertial motion capture system. A slightly modified Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) coding system was employed for the analysis of kinematic data. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. Results: The ergonomic risk for the entire body was higher in the fourth quadrant than in the first quadrant for 80% of the endodontists and higher than in the second quadrant for 87%. For 87% of the endodontists, the ergonomic risk for the right side of the body was significantly higher in the fourth quadrant compared to the first and second quadrant. The right arm was stressed more in the lower jaw than in the upper jaw, and the neck also showed a greater ergonomic risk in the fourth quadrant compared to the first quadrant. Conclusion: In summary, both the total RULA score and scores for the right- and lefthand sides of the body ranged between 5 and 6 out of a possible 7 points. Considering this considerable burden, heightened attention, especially to the fourth quadrant with a significantly higher ergonomic risk compared to Quadrants 1 and 2, may be warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11040400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T10:53:17Z","timestamp":1713523997000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ergonomic Analysis of Dental Work in Different Oral Quadrants: A Motion Capture Preliminary Study among Endodontists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Feige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Holzgreve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fraeulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8426-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Maurer-Grubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, Department of Dental Radiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1950-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Erbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1881-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Nienhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Principles of Prevention and Rehabilitation Department (GPR), Institute for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Groneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ohlendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lietz, J., Kozak, A., and Nienhaus, A. (2018). Prevalence and occupational risk factors of musculoskeletal diseases and pain among dental professionals in Western countries: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208628"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.124904.1","article-title":"Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dental healthcare providers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Chenna","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquier-Bret, J., and Gorce, P. (2023). Prevalence of Body Area Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010841"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-211094","article-title":"Occupational ergonomics and related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Soo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-211041","article-title":"Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among health care professionals: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Suganthirababu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"405","article-title":"Occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals","volume":"93","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12219","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders amongst Greek endodontists: A national questionnaire survey","volume":"47","author":"Zarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1107","article-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Alghadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"133","article-title":"Working Postures of Dentists and Dental Hygienists","volume":"33","author":"Marklin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlendorf, D., Erbe, C., Nowak, J., Hauck, I., Hermanns, I., Ditchen, D., Ellegast, R., and Groneberg, D.A. (2017). Constrained posture in dentistry\u2014A kinematic analysis of dentists. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1650-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4154","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4154","article-title":"Ergonomic risk and preventive measures of musculoskeletal disorders in the dentistry environment: An umbrella review","volume":"6","author":"Traversini","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-020-0304-y","article-title":"Urethral complication after gender reassignment surgery: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Nassiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s40664-023-00500-5","article-title":"Allgemeine und arbeitsplatzbezogene Risikofaktoren von Muskel-Skelett-Erkrankungen und deren Bestimmungsmethoden","volume":"73","author":"Holzgreve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zentralblatt Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz Ergon."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1904","article-title":"Work-related Musculoskeletal Pain among Different Dental Specialists in United Arab Emirates","volume":"17","author":"Rajoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201302438","article-title":"Analysis of Endodontist Posture Utilizing Cinemetry, Surface Electromyography and Ergonomic Checklists","volume":"25","author":"Onety","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV) (2023, June 07). Mensch und Arbeitsplatz\u2013Physische Belastungen, Available online: https:\/\/publikationen.dguv.de\/widgets\/pdf\/download\/article\/3499."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-172588","article-title":"Assessment of risk factors and preventive measures and their relations to work-related musculoskeletal pain among dentists","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12362","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12362","article-title":"Poor neck posture and longer working duration during root canal treatment correlated with increased neck discomfort in dentists with <5-years\u2018 experience in endodontics","volume":"64","author":"Adulyawat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"79","article-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists\u2014A questionnaire survey","volume":"18","author":"Kierklo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00395.x","article-title":"A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals","volume":"7","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younis, U., Shakoor, A., Chaudhary, F.A., Din, S.U., Sajjad, S., Younis, M., Javed, M.Q., and Alam, M.K. (2022). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Their Associated Risk Factors among Pakistani Dental Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Study. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4099071"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, A., Mando, M., and Radisauskas, R. (2022). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121744"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-203369","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of dentists in Kuwait and the impact on health and economic status","volume":"68","author":"Alnaser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-205257","article-title":"Prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals: A scoping review","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2019.01.031","article-title":"Prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders in oral health care professionals: A systematic review","volume":"150","author":"Roll","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lietz, J., Ulusoy, N., and Nienhaus, A. (2020). Prevention of Musculoskeletal Diseases and Pain among Dental Professionals through Ergonomic Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103482"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-020-00273-0","article-title":"SOPEZ: Study for the optimization of ergonomics in the dental practice\u2014Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists and dental assistants: A study protocol","volume":"15","author":"Ohlendorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blume, K.S., Holzgreve, F., Fraeulin, L., Erbe, C., Betz, W., Wanke, E.M., Brueggmann, D., Nienhaus, A., Maurer-Grubinger, C., and Groneberg, D.A. (2021). Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Dental Students\u2014RULA Applied to Objective Kinematic Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910550"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzgreve, F., Fraeulin, L., Betz, W., Erbe, C., Wanke, E.M., Br\u00fcggmann, D., Nienhaus, A., Groneberg, D.A., Maurer-Grubinger, C., and Ohlendorf, D. (2022). A RULA-Based Comparison of the Ergonomic Risk of Typical Working Procedures for Dentists and Dental Assistants of General Dentistry, Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030805"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211053073","article-title":"Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons\u2014RULA Applied to Objective Kinematic Data","volume":"65","author":"Weitbrecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowara, R., Holzgreve, F., Golbach, R., Wanke, E.M., Maurer-Grubinger, C., Erbe, C., Brueggmann, D., Nienhaus, A., Groneberg, D.A., and Ohlendorf, D. (2023). Testing the Level of Agreement between Two Methodological Approaches of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) for Occupational Health Practice\u2014An Exemplary Application in the Field of Dentistry. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040477"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12369","article-title":"Ergonomics of preclinical dental students and potential musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"84","author":"Kamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.09.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the ergonomic sitting position adopted by dental students while using dental simulators","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Xsens (2017). MVN User Manual, Xsens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(93)90080-S","article-title":"RULA: A survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders","volume":"24","author":"McAtamney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.11.008","article-title":"Innovative system for real-time ergonomic feedback in industrial manufacturing","volume":"44","author":"Vignais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.05.003","article-title":"Physical risk factors identification based on body sensor network combined to videotaping","volume":"65","author":"Vignais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin (DGAUM), Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft (GfA) (2024, March 11). K\u00f6rperliche Belastungen des R\u00fcckens durch Lastenhandhabung und Zwangshaltungen im Arbeitsprozess S1-Leitlinie. Available online: https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/assets\/guidelines\/002-029l_S1_K%C3%B6rperliche_Belastungen_des_R%C3%BCckens_2014-01-abgelaufen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer-Grubinger, C., Holzgreve, F., Fraeulin, L., Betz, W., Erbe, C., Brueggmann, D., Wanke, E.M., Nienhaus, A., Groneberg, D.A., and Ohlendorf, D. (2021). Combining Ergonomic Risk Assessment (RULA) with Inertial Motion Capture Technology in Dentistry\u2014Using the Benefits from Two Worlds. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124077"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2012.07.003","article-title":"Comparing the results of eight methods used to evaluate risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"42","author":"Chiasson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Woodford, S., Senanayake, D., and Ackland, D. (2023). Conversion of Upper-Limb Inertial Measurement Unit Data to Joint Angles: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146535"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"522","article-title":"Ein Identifikationssystem f\u00fcr die zahn\u00e4rztliche Ausr\u00fcstung","volume":"65","author":"Kimmel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zahnarztl. Mitt."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"40","article-title":"Der zahn\u00e4rztliche Arbeitsplatz: Funktion und Gestaltung","volume":"89","author":"Kimmel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Zahn\u00e4rztliche Welt."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2251","article-title":"Die Basiskonzepte Grundlage der Behandlungsplatzgestaltung","volume":"40","author":"Kimmel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Quintessenz Zahntech."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kimmel, K. (2001). Zahn\u00e4rztliche Praxis- und Arbeitsgestaltung: Ergonomie als Grundlage der Leistungs- und Lebensqualit\u00e4t, Dt. Zahn\u00e4rzteverl, D\u00c4V-Hanser."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2020). Dentistry-Endodontic Instruments- Part 1: General Requirements (Standard No. DIN EN ISO 3630-1:2020-01)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12670","article-title":"Development and assessment of an indirect vision training programme for operatory dentistry: Effects on working posture","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2020.12.025","article-title":"Effects of Line of Vision on Posture, Muscle Activity and Sitting Balance During Tooth Preparation","volume":"71","author":"Katano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (baua) (2023, June 11). K\u00f6rperzwangshaltung Art der Gef\u00e4hrdungen und ihre Wirkungen. Available online: https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Themen\/Arbeitsgestaltung-im-Betrieb\/Gefaehrdungsbeurteilung\/Expertenwissen\/Physische-Belastung\/Zwangshaltung\/Zwangshaltung_dossier.html?pos=1."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"22","article-title":"The advantages of the dental operative microscope in restorative dentistry","volume":"94","author":"Bud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12327","article-title":"The role of ergonomic saddle seats and magnification loupes in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Plessas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-013-0133-z","article-title":"A study on job postures and musculoskeletal illnesses in dentists","volume":"26","author":"Rafeemanesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_376_22","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of (work-related) musculoskeletal disorders among dentists\u2014A cross sectional evaluative study","volume":"34","author":"Thacker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-213453","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and selecting an appropriate tool for ergonomic risk assessment in the dental profession","volume":"68","author":"Eyvazlou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzgreve, F., Fraeulin, L., Maurer-Grubinger, C., Betz, W., Erbe, C., Weis, T., Janssen, K., Schulte, L., de Boer, A., and Nienhaus, A. (2022). Effects of Resistance Training as a Behavioural Preventive Measure on Musculoskeletal Complaints, Maximum Strength and Ergonomic Risk in Dentists and Dental Assistants. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208069"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.08.003","article-title":"Reliability, Construct Validity and Interpretability of the Brazilian version of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Strain Index (SI)","volume":"22","author":"Valentim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kee, D. (2022). Comparison of LEBA and RULA Based on Postural Load Criteria and Epidemiological Data on Musculoskeletal Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073967"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kee, D. (2022). Systematic Comparison of OWAS, RULA, and REBA Based on a Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010595"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.IJOEM_23_18","article-title":"Comparing the Effectiveness of Three Ergonomic Risk Assessment Methods-RULA, LUBA, and NERPA-to Predict the Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Yazdanirad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Kim, W., Zhang, Y., and Xiong, S. (2020). Development and Validation of a Wearable Inertial Sensors-Based Automated System for Assessing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workspace. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176050"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-172582","article-title":"Differences in ergonomic and workstation factors between computer office workers with and without reported musculoskeletal pain","volume":"57","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/11\/4\/400\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:31:15Z","timestamp":1760106675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/11\/4\/400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering11040400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11040400","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}