{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:47:12Z","timestamp":1789091232349,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY008313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY000331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY000331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY008313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008313"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY000331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY000331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmortem human eyes were subjected to optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate scleral surface deformations. We incrementally adducted 11 eyes (age 74.1 \u00b1 9.3 years, standard deviation) from 26\u00b0 to 32\u00b0 under normal IOP, during imaging of the posterior globe, for analysis by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). In the same eyes, we performed uniaxial tensile testing in multiple regions of the sclera, ON, and ON sheath. Based on individual measurements, we analyzed eye-specific finite element models (FEMs) simulating adduction and IOP loading. Analysis of 3D-DIC showed that the nasal sclera up to 1 mm from the sheath border was significantly compressed during adduction. IOP elevation from 15 to 30 mmHg induced strains less than did adduction. Tensile testing demonstrated ON sheath stiffening above 3.4% strain, which was incorporated in FEMs of adduction tethering that was quantitatively consistent with changes in scleral deformation from 3D-DIC. Simulated IOP elevation to 30 mmHg did not induce scleral surface strains outside the ON sheath. ON tethering in incremental adduction from 26\u00b0 to 32\u00b0 compressed the nasal and stretched the temporal sclera adjacent to the ON sheath, more so than IOP elevation. The effect of ON tethering is influenced by strain stiffening of the ON sheath.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1714633454000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Postmortem Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Modeling Demonstrate Posterior Scleral Deformations during Optic Nerve Adduction Tethering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6217-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongjin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaye","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Demer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.3.427","article-title":"Gaze control in humans: Eye-head coordination during orienting movements to targets within and beyond the oculomotor range","volume":"58","author":"Guitton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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