{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:42:00Z","timestamp":1775594520850,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to investigate overt reading and naming processes in adult people with dyslexia (PDs) in shallow (transparent) language orthography. The results of adult PDs are compared with adult healthy controls HCs. Comparisons are made in three phases: pre-lexical (150\u2013260 ms), lexical (280\u2013700 ms), and post-lexical stage of processing (750\u20131000 ms) time window. Twelve PDs and HCs performed overt reading and naming tasks under EEG recording. The word reading and naming task consisted of sparse neighborhoods with closed phonemic onset (words\/objects sharing the same onset). For the analysis of the mean ERP amplitude for pre-lexical, lexical, and post-lexical time window, a mixed design ANOVA was performed with the right (F4, FC2, FC6, C4, T8, CP2, CP6, P4) and left (F3, FC5, FC1, T7, C3, CP5, CP1, P7, P3) electrode sites, within-subject factors and group (PD vs. HC) as between-subject factor. Behavioral response latency results revealed significantly prolonged reading latency between HCs and PDs, while no difference was detected in naming response latency. ERP differences were found between PDs and HCs in the right hemisphere\u2019s pre-lexical time window (160\u2013200 ms) for word reading aloud. For visual object naming aloud, ERP differences were found between PDs and HCs in the right hemisphere\u2019s post-lexical time window (900\u20131000 ms). The present study demonstrated different distributions of the electric field at the scalp in specific time windows between two groups in the right hemisphere in both word reading and visual object naming aloud, suggesting alternative processing strategies in adult PDs. These results indirectly support the view that adult PDs in shallow language orthography probably rely on the grapho-phonological route during overt word reading and have difficulties with phoneme and word retrieval during overt visual object naming in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T15:05:01Z","timestamp":1715007901000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Overt Word Reading and Visual Object Naming in Adults with Dyslexia: Electroencephalography Study in Transparent Orthography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Perku\u0161i\u0107 \u010covi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polyclinic for Rehabilitation of People with Developmental Disorders, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Vujovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"\u0160oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marijan","family":"Palmovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Psycholinguistic Research, Department of Speech and Language Pathology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Rogi\u0107 Vidakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"A review of the neurobiological basis of dyslexia in the adult population","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000670","article-title":"Dyslexia in the 21st century","volume":"34","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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