{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:34:43Z","timestamp":1793900083826,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical management of fractures has advanced with the incorporation of advanced technology, surgical techniques, and regenerative therapies, but delayed bone healing remains a clinical challenge and the prevalence of long bone nonunion ranges from 10 to 15% of surgically managed fractures. Delayed bone healing arises from a combination of mechanical, biological, and systemic factors acting on the site of tissue remodeling, and careful consideration of each case\u2019s injury-related, patient-dependent, surgical, and mechanical risk factors is key to successful bone union. In this review, we describe the biology and biomechanics of delayed bone healing, outline the known risk factors for nonunion development, and introduce modern preventative and corrective therapies targeting fracture nonunion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11060525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T07:56:11Z","timestamp":1716364571000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Delayed Union and Nonunion: Current Concepts, Prevention, and Correction: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0536-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4550, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4550, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0432-1","article-title":"Clinical and Research Approaches to Treat Non-union Fracture","volume":"16","author":"Schlundt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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