{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:22:40Z","timestamp":1784758960901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a multicompartmental mathematical model to simulate the activity of the gastrointestinal system after the intake of drugs, with a limited number of parameters. The gastrointestinal system is divided into five compartments, modeled as both continuous systems with discrete events (stomach and duodenum) and systems with delay (jejunum, ileum, and colon). The dissolution of the drug tablet occurs in the stomach and is described through the Noyes\u2013Whitney equation, with pH dependence expressed through the Henderson\u2013Hasselbach relationship. The boluses resulting from duodenal activity enter the jejunum, ileum, and colon compartments, where drug absorption takes place as blood flows countercurrent. The model includes only three parameters with assigned physiological meanings. It was tested and validated using data from in vivo experiments. Specifically, the model was tested with the concentration profiles of nine different drugs and validated using data from two drugs with varying initial concentrations. Overall, the outputs of the model are in good agreement with experimental data, particularly with regard to the time of peak concentration. The primary sources of discrepancy were identified in the concentration decay. The model\u2019s main strength is its relatively low computational cost, making it a potentially excellent tool for in silico assessment and prediction of drug adsorption in the intestine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1723607196000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mathematical Modeling of the Gastrointestinal System for Preliminary Drug Absorption Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6921-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatjon","family":"Itaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cacace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Piemonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stielow, M., Witczy\u0144ska, A., Kubry\u0144, N., Fija\u0142kowski, \u0141., Nowaczyk, J., and Nowaczyk, A. 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