{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:14:46Z","timestamp":1773749686497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The upper respiratory mucosa plays a crucial role in both the physical integrity and immunological function of the respiratory tract. However, in certain situations such as infections, trauma, or surgery, it might sustain damage. Tissue engineering, a field of regenerative medicine, has found applications in various medical fields including but not limited to plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and urology. However, its application to the respiratory system remains somewhat difficult due to the complex morphology and histology of the upper respiratory tract. To date, a culture protocol for producing a handleable, well-differentiated nasal mucosa has yet to be developed. The objective of this review is to describe the current state of research pertaining to cell culture techniques used for producing autologous healthy human upper respiratory cells and mucosal tissues, as well as describe its clinical applications. Methods: A search of the relevant literature was carried out with no time restriction across Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, and Medline Ovid databases. Keywords related to \u201crespiratory mucosa\u201d and \u201cculture techniques of the human airway\u201d were the focus of the search strategy for this review. The risk of bias in retained studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute\u2019s (JBI) critical appraisal tools for qualitative research. A narrative synthesis of our results was then conducted. Results: A total of 33 studies were included in this review, and thirteen of these focused solely on developing a cell culture protocol without further use. The rest of the studies used their own developed protocol for various applications such as cystic fibrosis, pharmacological, and viral research. One study was able to develop a promising model for nasal mucosa that could be employed as a replacement in nasotracheal reconstructive surgery. Conclusions: This systematic review extensively explored the current state of research regarding cell culture techniques for producing tissue-engineered nasal mucosa. Bioengineering the nasal mucosa holds great potential for clinical use. However, further research on mechanical properties is essential, as the comparison of engineered tissues is currently focused on morphology rather than comprehensive mechanical assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1723607196000},"page":"826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioengineering Human Upper Respiratory Mucosa: A Systematic Review of the State of the Art of Cell Culture Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5638-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davaine Joel","family":"Ndongo Sonfack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Laval University Research Center, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Laval University Neurosurgery Innovation Laboratory (LINUL), Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Tanguay Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Touzel Desch\u00eanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Laval University Research Center, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Laval University Neurosurgery Innovation Laboratory (LINUL), Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thibault","family":"Maurand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lina","family":"Maguemoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Berthod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Laval University Research Center, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Gros-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Laval University Research Center, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"LOEX, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Laval University Research Center, Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Laval University Neurosurgery Innovation Laboratory (LINUL), Quebec, QC G1J 5B3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201007-050RN","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the upper airway","volume":"8","author":"Naclerio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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