{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:40:27Z","timestamp":1787982027215,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Establishment of standardization basis for BCI and AI Interoperability","award":["1415181638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181638"]}]},{"name":"Establishment of standardization basis for BCI and AI Interoperability","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]},{"name":"Establishment of standardization basis for BCI and AI Interoperability","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Learning and Inference Technologies","award":["1415181638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181638"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Learning and Inference Technologies","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Learning and Inference Technologies","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Model Lightweighting Technologies","award":["1415181638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181638"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Model Lightweighting Technologies","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]},{"name":"Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Model Lightweighting Technologies","award":["1415181629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic disorders affect over 6% of the global population and pose substantial obstacles to healthcare systems. Early identification of these rare facial genetic disorders is essential for managing related medical complexities and health issues. Many people consider the existing screening techniques inadequate, often leading to a diagnosis several years after birth. This study evaluated the efficacy of deep learning-based classifier models for accurately recognizing dysmorphic characteristics using facial photos. This study proposes a multi-class facial syndrome classification framework that encompasses a unique combination of diseases not previously examined together. The study focused on distinguishing between individuals with four specific genetic disorders (Down syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Williams syndrome) and healthy controls. We investigated how well fine-tuning a few well-known convolutional neural network (CNN)-based pre-trained models\u2014including VGG16, ResNet-50, ResNet152, and VGG-Face\u2014worked for the multi-class facial syndrome classification task. We obtained the most encouraging results by adjusting the VGG-Face model. The proposed fine-tuned VGG-Face model not only demonstrated the best performance in this study, but it also performed better than other state-of-the-art pre-trained CNN models for the multi-class facial syndrome classification task. The fine-tuned model achieved both accuracy and an F1-Score of 90%, indicating significant progress in accurately detecting the specified genetic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1723607196000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Automated Multi-Class Facial Syndrome Classification Using Transfer Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5543-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayroz F.","family":"Sherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computers and Systems Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahed","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computers and Systems Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computers and Systems Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"},{"name":"AI Lab, DeltaX Co., Ltd., 5F, 590 Gyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08213, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Im","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, April 19). 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