{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:21:02Z","timestamp":1792441262078,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal diseases, ranging from gingivitis to periodontitis, are prevalent oral diseases affecting over 50% of the global population. These diseases arise from infections and inflammation of the gums and supporting bones, significantly impacting oral health. The established link between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, underscores their importance as a public health concern. Consequently, the early detection and prevention of periodontal diseases have become critical objectives in healthcare, particularly through the integration of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This paper aims to bridge the gap between clinical practices and cutting-edge technologies by providing a comprehensive review of current research. We examine the identification of causative factors, disease progression, and the role of AI in enhancing early detection and treatment. Our goal is to underscore the importance of early intervention in improving patient outcomes and to stimulate further interest among researchers, bioengineers, and AI specialists in the ongoing exploration of AI applications in periodontal disease diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11090937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T09:49:19Z","timestamp":1726652959000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Toward Digital Periodontal Health: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Soheili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4377-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloufar","family":"Delfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Masoudifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Ebrahimni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Moshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Glogauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Ghafar-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15011.1","article-title":"Metric partnerships: Global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Tichenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2009.01140.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of periodontal disease","volume":"54","author":"Highfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. 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