{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:06Z","timestamp":1787027706754,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSU-Corewell Alliance grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by the degeneration of joint surfaces at the base of the thumb. If conservative treatments have failed, surgery may be needed to improve symptoms. Typically, standard clinical tools, such as the pinch gauge, are used to measure thumb force. However, these devices have utilized multiple digits and do not represent forces specifically generated by the thumb. Therefore, different devices are necessary to accurately measure isolated thumb force. The primary objective was to research the effect of thumb force after ligament reconstruction with tendon interposition surgery. To accomplish this, several sub-objectives were implemented: (1) create a testing device to collect isolated thumb forces, (2) collect a normative thumb force data set of males and females to compare the impact of aging and surgery, (3) collect and compare clinical data to see if these data sets matched isolated thumb forces, (4) determine the effect of wrist position on isolated thumb force data in different wrist positions, and (5) collect thumb force in directions that mimic daily activities, a directional force downward (push) and inward (pull). On average, older participants generated statistically larger forces than younger participants. Additionally, only 50% of CMC OA participants showed greater than 5 N of improvement at 6-months post-surgery compared to pre-surgery, but did not reach healthy force levels. When evaluating wrist rotation, OA participants\u2019 push and pull decreased by 8 N and 7 N in the horizontal wrist position, and their push and pull increased by 2 N and 5 N in the vertical wrist position. Evaluation and results with standard clinical tools showed different post-surgery trends than isolated force data, which suggested the clinical approach has mixed results and may be under- or over-estimating the recovery process. These data sets allow surgeons and hand therapists to identify changes in isolated thumb force generation to create specialized therapies and treatment options, which is an improvement upon current clinical measurement tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11090948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:38:34Z","timestamp":1727350714000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing Isolated Thumb Force Generation, Wrist Rotation, and Clinical Measurements in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Individuals before and after Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Chrzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Corewell Health West, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Corewell Health West, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levi","family":"Hinkleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Corewell Health West, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Duquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Corewell Health West, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kelpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Corewell Health West, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara Reid","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0095-4","article-title":"Hand Osteoarthritis: Clinical Phenotypes, Molecular Mechanisms and Disease Management","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200009000-00005","article-title":"Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb","volume":"8","author":"Barron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000176968.28247.5c","article-title":"The ABJS 2005 Nicolas Andry Award: Osteoarthritis and Injury at the Base of the Human Thumb\u2014Survival of the Fittest?","volume":"438","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.023564","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Radiographic Hand Osteoarthritis and Association with Pain and Disability (the Rotterdam Study)","volume":"64","author":"Dahaghin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.jhsu25a0297","article-title":"Long-Term Results of Volar Ligament Reconstruction for Symptomatic Basal Joint Laxity","volume":"25","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80015-5","article-title":"Ligament Reconstruction for the Painful Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: A Long-Term Assessment","volume":"9","author":"Eaton","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.03.017","article-title":"Radiographic Laxity of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint Is Correlated With Generalized Joint Hypermobility","volume":"36","author":"Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(00)80034-4","article-title":"Arthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint Complex","volume":"17","author":"Poole","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakalauskiene, G., and Jauni\u0161kiene, D. (2010). Osteoarthritis: Etiology, Epidemiology, Impact on the Individual and Society and the Main Principles of Management. Medicina, 46.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina46110111"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2005.09.007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Epidemiology","volume":"20","author":"Arden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.03.006","article-title":"Primary Osteoarthritis No Longer Primary: Three Subsets with Distinct Etiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Characteristics","volume":"39","author":"Jimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2000.0326","article-title":"Definition and Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis of the Hand: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Hart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.150078","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence and Progression of Hand Osteoarthritis in the General Population: The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study","volume":"70","author":"Haugen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200407000-00013","article-title":"Osteoarthritis in the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb","volume":"86","author":"Harra","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.25.1.1","article-title":"Osteo-Arthrosis. Prevalence in the Population and Relationship between Symptoms and X-ray Changes","volume":"25","author":"Lawrence","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32802106a8","article-title":"Hand Osteoarthritis\u2014An Increasing Need for Treatment and Rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Kloppenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0837","article-title":"Dimensionality and Clinical Importance of Pain and Disability in Hand Osteoarthritis: Development of the Australian\/Canadian (AUSCAN) Osteoarthritis Hand Index","volume":"10","author":"Bellamy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf141","article-title":"Prevalence of Symptomatic Hand Osteoarthritis and Its Impact on Functional Status among the Elderly: The Framingham Study","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790080405","article-title":"The Impact of Disabling Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Badley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31717-X","article-title":"Osteoarthritis at the Base of the Thumb","volume":"23","author":"Pellegrini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.11.029","article-title":"Evidence-Based Practice in the Surgical Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-019-01528-8","article-title":"Current Trends in Operative Treatment of Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis: A Survey of European Hand Surgeons","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80136-8","article-title":"Surgical Management of Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb. Part I. Long-Term Results of Silicone Implant Arthroplasty","volume":"11","author":"Pellegrini","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.11.027","article-title":"Five- to 18-Year Follow-Up for Treatment of Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Comparison of Excision, Tendon Interposition, and Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition","volume":"37","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3527-z","article-title":"Grip-force Modulation in Multi-finger Prehension during wrist flexion and extension","volume":"227","author":"Ambike","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90136-D","article-title":"The Relationship between Wrist Position, Grasp Size, and Grip Strength","volume":"17","author":"Horii","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.50.2.133","article-title":"How Forearm Position Affects Grip Strength","volume":"50","author":"Richards","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(93)90212-X","article-title":"Grip Strength and Hand Position of the Dynamometer in 204 Finnish Adults","volume":"18","author":"Piirtomaa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802216925","article-title":"Wrist Strength Is Dependent on Simultaneous Power Grip Intensity","volume":"51","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marley, R.I., and Wehrman, R.R. (1992, January 12\u201316). Grip Strength as a Function of Forearm Rotation and Elbow Posture. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129203601033"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35078","article-title":"The Influence of Wrist Position on Individual Finger Forces during Forceful Grip","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90343-7","article-title":"The Wrist Position between Neutral and Ulnar Deviation That Facilitates the Maximum Power Grip Strength","volume":"13","author":"Pryce","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"272","article-title":"Position of Function of the Wrist","volume":"53","author":"Kraft","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.38B4.902","article-title":"The prehensile movements of the human hand","volume":"38","author":"Napier","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.4.526","article-title":"Hand-Held Device to Measure Finger (Thumb) Strength","volume":"29","author":"Kroemer","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vocelle, A.R., Shafer, G., and Bush, T.R. (2021). Determining Isolated Thumb Forces in Osteoarthritic and Healthy Persons. J. Biomech. Eng., 143.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048712"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, N.D., Chrzan, A.J., Chan, K., and Bush, T.R. (2024). The Female Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: Motion and Force Changes Due to Arthritis and Surgical Intervention. J. Biomech. Eng., 146.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064551"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Valero-Cuevas, F.J., Towles, J.D., and Johanson, M.E. (2024, August 30). Simulating Anatomical Variations in the Thumb: Effect on Maximal Force and Muscle Activation. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Francisco-Valero-Cuevas\/publication\/267243251_SIMULATING_ANATOMICAL_VARIATIONS_IN_THE_THUMB_EFFECT_ON_MAXIMAL_FORCE_AND_MUSCLE_ACTIVATION\/links\/59d8433faca272e6095f96f0\/SIMULATING-ANATOMICAL-VARIATIONS-IN-THE-THUMB-EFFECT-ON-MAXIMAL-FORCE-AND-MUSCLE-ACTIVATION.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.26188","article-title":"Activation Patterns of the Thumb Muscles during Stable and Unstable Pinch Tasks","volume":"26","author":"Johanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3063-y","article-title":"In Vivo Kinematics of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint during Three Isometric Functional Tasks","volume":"Volume 472","author":"Halilaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5151-2","article-title":"Reduction in Cylindrical Grasp Strength Is Associated With Early Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis","volume":"475","author":"Coughlan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3285-z","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Postoperative Hand Therapy Management of Basal Joint Arthritis","volume":"472","author":"Wolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000037","article-title":"Grip Strength Values Stratified by Age, Gender, and Chronic Disease Status in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older","volume":"38","author":"Yorke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Mass and Distribution in 468 Men and Women Aged 18-88 Yr","volume":"89","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.436","article-title":"Sex Differences in Whole Body Skeletal Muscle Mass Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Distribution in Young Japanese Adults","volume":"37","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.2.378","article-title":"Total-Body Skeletal Muscle Mass: Estimation by a New Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Method","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, June 23). Detailed Occupation by Sex Education Age Earnings: ACS 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2022\/demo\/acs-2019.html."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90015-9","article-title":"A Biomechanical Analysis of the Joints of the Thumb","volume":"13","author":"Toft","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"303","article-title":"Analysis of maximum force of tip pinch, lateral pinch and palmer pinch in relation to maximum handgrip force","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(85)80106-4","article-title":"Electromyographic Analysis of the Thumb: A Study of Isometric Forces in Pinch and Grasp","volume":"10","author":"Cooney","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02441663","article-title":"Static Dynamometer for the Measurement of Multidirectional Forces Exerted by the Thumb","volume":"29","author":"Bourbonnais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2023, June 21). Carpometacarpal Joint. Available online: https:\/\/www.orthopaedicsone.com\/x\/ygPbB."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2014.04.002","article-title":"An Introductory Study of Common Grasps Used by Adults during Performance of Activities of Daily Living","volume":"27","author":"Vergara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001690","article-title":"Force-Length Relationship Modeling of Wrist and Finger Flexor Muscles","volume":"50","author":"Hauraix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00029-2","article-title":"Maximum Isometric Moments Generated by the Wrist Muscles in Flexion-Extension and Radial-Ulnar Deviation","volume":"29","author":"Delp","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Nordin, M., and Frankel, V.H. (2012). Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00688-0","article-title":"Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Thumb","volume":"8","author":"Imaeda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90163-5","article-title":"Normative Model of Human Hand for Biomechanical Analysis","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00058-8","article-title":"In-Vivo Function of the Thumb Muscles","volume":"14","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.10.029","article-title":"Current Concepts of the Anatomy of the Thumb Trapeziometacarpal Joint","volume":"36","author":"Edmunds","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, D.A. (2009). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80137-X","article-title":"Surgical Management of Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb. Part II. Ligament Reconstruction with Tendon Interposition Arthroplast","volume":"11","author":"Burton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.12.010","article-title":"Suspensionplasty with the Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendon for Osteoarthritis in the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb","volume":"31","author":"Soejima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/11\/9\/948\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:04Z","timestamp":1760112124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/11\/9\/948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering11090948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11090948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]}}}