{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:30:04Z","timestamp":1790281804224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R21AR080388-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R21AR080388-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prominent cause of disability, and has severe social and economic ramifications across the globe. The main driver of OA\u2019s pervasiveness is the fact that no current medical interventions exist to reverse or even attenuate the degeneration of cartilage within the articular joint. Crucial for cell-to-cell communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to OA progression through the delivery of bioactive molecules in the inflammatory microenvironment. By repurposing this acellular means of signal transmission, therapeutic drugs may be administered to degenerated cartilage tissue in the hopes of encouraging regeneration. Positive outcomes are apparent in in vivo studies on this subject; however, for this therapy to prove itself in the clinical world, efforts towards standardizing the characterization, application, biological contents, and dosage are essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11100961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:38:34Z","timestamp":1727350714000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Use of Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Insights from Preclinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mitch","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3892-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kouroupis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"85","author":"Sinusas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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