{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:15:45Z","timestamp":1792793745765,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global college of Engineering and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and reduced everyday function, which eventually causes dementia. Symptoms develop years after the disease begins, making early detection difficult. While AD remains incurable, timely detection and prompt treatment can substantially slow its progression. This study presented a framework for automated AD detection using brain MRIs. Firstly, the deep network information (i.e., features) were extracted using various deep-learning networks. The information extracted from the best deep networks (EfficientNet-b0 and MobileNet-v2) were merged using the canonical correlation approach (CCA). The CCA-based fused features resulted in an enhanced classification performance of 94.7% with a large feature vector size (i.e., 2532). To remove the redundant features from the CCA-based fused feature vector, the binary-enhanced WOA was utilized for optimal feature selection, which yielded an average accuracy of 98.12 \u00b1 0.52 (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) with only 953 features. The results were compared with other optimal feature selection techniques, showing that the binary-enhanced WOA results are statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). The ablation study was also performed to show the significance of each step of the proposed methodology. Furthermore, the comparison shows the superiority and high classification performance of the proposed automated AD detection approach, suggesting that the hybrid approach may help doctors with dementia detection and staging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1730088902000},"page":"1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["MRI-Driven Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis Using Deep Network Fusion and Optimal Selection of Feature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7326-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umair","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaik Javeed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Global College of Engineering and Technology, Muscat 112, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majdi","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Farrash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Fareed M.","family":"Lahza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybersecurity, College of Computing Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amad","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2017.10.014","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Ulep","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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