{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:48:33Z","timestamp":1790448513757,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical exercises are crucial for enhancing postural balance and muscle strength in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Virtual reality-based therapy (VRBT), which utilizes exergames, can favor performing physical activity. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of VRBT in improving balance and muscular endurance in children and adolescents with DS. Since inception up to August 2024, we screened in PubMed Medline, SCOPUS, WOS, CINAHL, and PEDro studies that assessed the effectiveness of VRBT, compared to conventional therapy (CT) or usual care (UC), in improving balance and muscular endurance in DS. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Effect size in meta-analyses was calculated with the Cohen\u2019s standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Nine studies providing data from 424 participants with good methodological quality (PEDro: 6.3 \u00b1 1.2 points) were included. Our meta-analysis showed that VRBT is more effective than controls in increasing function (SMD = 1.22; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.81; p &lt; 0.001), dynamic balance (SMD = \u22122.2; 95% CI \u22123.1 to \u22121.25; p &lt; 0.001), and muscular endurance (SMD = 1.37; 95% CI 0.58 to 2.2; p &lt; 0.001). This is the first meta-analysis to exclusively focus on children and adolescents with DS, demonstrating the effectiveness of VRBT in enhancing balance and muscular endurance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T05:41:23Z","timestamp":1730698883000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Virtual Reality-Based Therapy Can Enhance Balance and Muscular Endurance in Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Pi\u00f1ar-Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAIT APROMPSI, C\/Clara Campoamor 8, 23470 Cazorla, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5938-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"D\u00edaz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8997-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de Alharilla","family":"Montilla-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Service, University Hospital \u201cCity of Jaen\u201d, 23007 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sede\u00f1o-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Obrero-Gait\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537","article-title":"Down Syndrome","volume":"382","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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