{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:56:39Z","timestamp":1780044999585,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 GM008042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM008042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30 MH 136802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30 MH 136802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health","award":["T32 GM008042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM008042"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health","award":["F30 MH 136802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30 MH 136802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation (tFUS) is a new, rapidly growing field related to the study and treatment of brain circuits. Establishing safety cutoffs for focused ultrasound is crucial for non-ablative neurological ultrasound experiments. In addition to potential focal heating, there is concern about temperature elevation at the skin surface. Much work has been performed at or near the FDA guideline of ISPTA.3 = 720 mW\/cm2, which technically only applies to diagnostic, not therapeutic, ultrasound. Furthermore, evidence of brain tissue damage on histology in the focal region has been shown not to occur until ISPTA.3 &gt; 14 W\/cm2. Therefore, this study was conducted across a range of intensities between these two values, evaluating both subjective and objective side effects. Subjective side effects encompassed any discomfort experienced during and after focused ultrasound stimulation, while objective side effects included clinical findings of skin irritation, such as erythema, edema, or burns. This study also examined how the skin temperature at the skin\u2013transducer interface would change in order to assess whether there would be significant heating. The subjects did not experience any unpleasant sensation at the point of stimulation, including heat or pain, and no objective findings of skin irritation were observed following stimulation and the removal of the transducer. In addition, there was no intensity-dependent effect on temperature, and the maximal rise in temperature was 1.45 \u00b0C, suggesting that these parameters do not result in the heating of the skin at the interface in such a way that poses a risk to subjects when operating at or below the intensities tested in this experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1731038574000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preliminary Examination of the Effects of Focused Ultrasound on Living Skin and Temperature at the Skin\u2013Transducer Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrew A. E. D.","family":"Bishay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2386-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman M.","family":"Spivak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1533-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan P.","family":"Bych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer D.","family":"Gilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA 94611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dorobczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Korb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor P.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin M.","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bystritsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite C8-519, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(97)00269-X","article-title":"Demonstration of Potential Noninvasive Ultrasound Brain Therapy Through an Intact Skull","volume":"24","author":"Hynynen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. 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