{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:35:53Z","timestamp":1788413753131,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Basic Research for Bone and Joint Diseases","award":["202205AG070075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AG070075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is a life-threatening disease caused by the overwhelming response to pathogen infections. Currently, treatment options for sepsis are limited to broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care. However, the growing resistance of pathogens to common antibiotics complicates treatment efforts. Excessive immune response (i.e., cytokine storm) can persist even after the infection is cleared. This overactive inflammatory response can severely damage multiple organ systems. Given these challenges, managing the excessive immune response is critical in controlling sepsis progression. Therefore, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with their immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, have emerged as a promising option for adjunctive therapy in treating sepsis. Moreover, MSCs exhibit a favorable safety profile, as they are eventually eliminated by the host\u2019s immune system within several months post-administration, resulting in minimal side effects and have not been linked to common antibiotic therapy drawbacks (i.e., antibiotic resistance). This review explores the potential of MSCs as a personalized therapy for sepsis treatment, clarifying their mechanisms of action and providing up-to-date technological advancements to enhance their protective efficacy for patients suffering from sepsis and its consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1731902829000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles Are a Promising Alternative to Antibiotics for Treating Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Division, Eureka Biotech Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Division, Eureka Biotech Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000330","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: Results from a guideline-based performance improvement program","volume":"42","author":"Ferrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. 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