{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:34:45Z","timestamp":1792204485314,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that focuses on designing machines or systems that can perform operations that would typically need human intelligence. AI is a rapidly developing technology that has grabbed the interest of researchers from all across the globe in the healthcare industry. Advancements in machine learning and data analysis have revolutionized oral health diagnosis, treatment, and management, making it a transformative force in healthcare, particularly in dentistry. Particularly in dentistry, AI is becoming increasingly prevalent as it contributes to the diagnosis of oro-facial diseases, offers treatment modalities, and manages practice in the dental operatory. All dental disciplines, including oral medicine, operative dentistry, pediatric dentistry, periodontology, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, and forensic odontology, have adopted AI. The majority of AI applications in dentistry are for diagnoses based on radiographic or optical images, while other tasks are less applicable due to constraints such as data availability, uniformity, and computational power. Evidence-based dentistry is considered the gold standard for decision making by dental professionals, while AI machine learning models learn from human expertise. Dentistry AI and technology systems can provide numerous benefits, such as improved diagnosis accuracy and increased administrative task efficiency. Dental practices are already implementing various AI applications, such as imaging and diagnosis, treatment planning, robotics and automation, augmented and virtual reality, data analysis and predictive analytics, and administrative support. The dentistry field has extensively used artificial intelligence to assist less-skilled practitioners in reaching a more precise diagnosis. These AI models effectively recognize and classify patients with various oro-facial problems into different risk categories, both individually and on a group basis. The objective of this descriptive review is to review the most recent developments of AI in the field of dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11121267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T06:53:39Z","timestamp":1734072819000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Descriptive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreekanth Kumar","family":"Mallineni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Rayyan, Riyadh 14212, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallika","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad 201010, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dedeepya","family":"Punugoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry, Sri Vydya Dental Hospital, Ongole 52300, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil Babu","family":"Kotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Dentistry Department, Pediatric Dentistry Division, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 13244, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442004, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikra","family":"Alkhayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications, Cell Therapy & Immunobiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3044-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Mubaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Dentistry Department, Pediatric Dentistry Division, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 13244, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmah Nasser","family":"Almotawah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Dentistry Department, Pediatric Dentistry Division, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 13244, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5764-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sree Lalita","family":"Kotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1501-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishitha","family":"Sajja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Data Management, Global Data Management and Centralized Monitoring, Global Development Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ 07922, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Nettam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore 523004, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar Ashok","family":"Thakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Zulfi 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasulu","family":"Sakhamuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore 523004, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanagar, S.B., Alfouzan, K., Alkadi, L., Albalawi, F., Iyer, K., and Awawdeh, M. 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