{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T23:59:53Z","timestamp":1788047993067,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singhealth DUKE-NUS AMC\u2014A*STAR Healthcare Translation Partnership","award":["05 FY2023 HTP P1 01\u2013A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05 FY2023 HTP P1 01\u2013A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terahertz (THz) waves reside in the electromagnetic spectrum between the microwave and infrared bands. In recent decades, THz technology has demonstrated its potential for biomedical applications. With the highly unique characteristics of THz waves, such as the high sensitivity to water and optimal spatial resolution coupled with the characteristics of the human cornea, such as its high water content, THz technology has been explored as a potential modality to assess corneas and corneal diseases. This systematic review provides an overview of the characteristics of THz waves, the safety profile of THz technology in the field of ophthalmology, and its clinical applications, including the objective evaluation of the corneal hydration, tear film, dry eye disease, corneal endothelium, corneal elasticity, and scarring. The paper also presents our viewpoint on the present challenges and future directions of THz technology prior to its broader integration into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T07:40:13Z","timestamp":1736322013000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Application of Terahertz Technology in Corneas and Corneal Diseases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing Jie","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Xin Yu Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing Yang Steve","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Wong Kay Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B64","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.2.000B64","article-title":"Terahertz Imaging Based on Optical Coherence Tomography [Invited]","volume":"2","author":"Nagatsuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/acbe4c","article-title":"The 2023 Terahertz Science and Technology Roadmap","volume":"56","author":"Leitenstorfer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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