{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:00:33Z","timestamp":1791824433697,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biogen. Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early-stage detection of neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for effective clinical treatment. However, current diagnostic methods are expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we present FundusNet, a deep-learning model trained on fundus images, for rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. FundusNet achieved superior performance in age prediction (MAE 2.55 year), gender classification (AUC 0.98), and neurodegenerative disease diagnosis\u2014Parkinson\u2019s disease AUC 0.75 \u00b1 0.03, multiple sclerosis AUC 0.77 \u00b1 0.02. Grad-CAM was used to identify which part of the image contributes to diagnosis. Imaging biomarker interpretation demonstrated that FundusNet effectively identifies clinical retina structures associated with diseases. Additionally, the model\u2019s high accuracy in predicting genetic risk suggests that its performance could be further enhanced with larger training datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T07:40:08Z","timestamp":1736754008000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["FundusNet: A Deep-Learning Approach for Fast Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative and Eye Diseases Using Fundus Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenxing","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kejie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Raney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeron","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Okunuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9","article-title":"The global burden of neurological disorders: Translating evidence into policy","volume":"19","author":"Feigin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"All eyes on neurodegenerative disease: The eye can harbor potential early biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease, and knowing what to look for can aid in early detection and management","volume":"153","author":"Mazzarella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. 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