{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T12:10:23Z","timestamp":1782043823419,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Society of Biomechanics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Functional electrical stimulation-assisted rowing (FES rowing) is a rehabilitation exercise used to prevent disuse osteoporosis, which is common in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, its effect on bone loss prevention varied in SCI patients, potentially due to inconsistent loading. This study investigates the effect of ergometer setup and rowing speed on lower extremity loading during rowing. Methods: Twenty able-bodied participants and one participant with SCI rowed on an adapted ergometer with different speeds and setups. We calculated foot reaction force and knee moment for all participants, and tibiofemoral force for the rower with SCI. Results: Able-bodied rowers generated 0.22\u20130.45 body weight (BW) foot reaction forces, and a higher force was associated with a fast speed, forward seat position, and large knee range of motion (RoM). The rower with SCI had the greatest foot reaction force (0.39 BW) when rowing with a small knee RoM at a rear seat position, and the highest tibiofemoral force (2.23 BW) with a large knee RoM or at a rear seat position. Conclusions: Ergometer setup and speed both affect lower limb loading and should be further studied in more rowers with SCI. This can inform rehabilitation protocols to standardize ergometer configuration to improve bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T09:01:02Z","timestamp":1736931662000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Adapted Ergometer Setup and Rowing Speed on Lower Extremity Loading in People with and Without Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury and Osteoporosis: Causes, Mechanisms, and Rehabilitation Strategies","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.150","article-title":"Does Early Exercise Attenuate Muscle Atrophy or Bone Loss after Spinal Cord Injury?","volume":"54","author":"Panisset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.395","article-title":"Bone Mass in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: Associations with Activity-Based Therapy, Neurologic and Functional Status, a Retrospective Study","volume":"95","author":"Hammond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"261","article-title":"The Effects of Spinal Cord Injury and Exercise on Bone Mass: A Literature Review","volume":"29","author":"Dolbow","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500164032","article-title":"Increases in Bone Mineral Density after Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling Exercises in Spinal Cord Injured Patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.08.003","article-title":"Intensive Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Femoral Bone Loss in Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2","author":"Groah","year":"2010","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1879-4","article-title":"High Dose Compressive Loads Attenuate Bone Mineral Loss in Humans with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"23","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2016.6419","article-title":"A Design Method for FES Bone Health Therapy in SCI","volume":"26","author":"Andrews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10167","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10167","article-title":"Combination Therapy With Zoledronic Acid and FES-Row Training Mitigates Bone Loss in Paralyzed Legs: Results of a Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Morse","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1544879","article-title":"Bone Changes in the Lower Limbs from Participation in an FES Rowing Exercise Program Implemented within Two Years after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"43","author":"Lambach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2015.1117192","article-title":"One Year of Training with FES Has Impressive Beneficial Effects in a 36-Year-Old Woman with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"40","author":"Deley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.007","article-title":"Assessing Kinematics and Kinetics of Functional Electrical Stimulation Rowing","volume":"53","author":"Draghici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.112","article-title":"Can FES-Rowing Mediate Bone Mineral Density in SCI: A Pilot Study","volume":"52","author":"Gibbons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.11.025","article-title":"Can Functional Electric Stimulation-Assisted Rowing Reproduce a Race-Winning Rowing Stroke?","volume":"85","author":"Halliday","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1821880","article-title":"Tibiofemoral Forces during FES Rowing in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"24","author":"Chandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2012.11.006","article-title":"Differences between Elite, Junior and Non-Rowers in Kinematic and Kinetic Parameters during Ergometer Rowing","volume":"32","author":"Kamnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12264","article-title":"Biomechanical Determinants of Elite Rowing Technique and Performance","volume":"25","author":"Buckeridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01441.x","article-title":"Slide-Based Ergometer Rowing: Effects on Force Production and Neuromuscular Activity","volume":"23","author":"Vinther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1185459","article-title":"Influence of Foot-Stretcher Height on Rowing Technique and Performance","volume":"15","author":"Buckeridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2007.914689","article-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-28","article-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199909)22:9<1249::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Contractile Properties of the Quadriceps Muscle in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"22","author":"Gerrits","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.802880","article-title":"Development of an Indoor Rowing Machine with Manual FES Controller for Total Body Exercise in Paraplegia","volume":"10","author":"Davoodi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.03.020","article-title":"Aerobic Capacity With Hybrid FES Rowing in Spinal Cord Injury: Comparison With Arms-Only Exercise and Preliminary Findings with Regular Training","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB Recommendation on Definitions of Joint Coordinate System of Various Joints for the Reporting of Human Joint Motion--Part I: Ankle, Hip, and Spine. International Society of Biomechanics","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90050-7","article-title":"Moments of Force and Mechanical Power in Jogging","volume":"16","author":"Winter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901024","article-title":"OpenSim: Open-Source Software to Create and Analyze Dynamic Simulations of Movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1920-7","article-title":"Why Are Antagonist Muscles Co-Activated in My Simulation? A Musculoskeletal Model for Analysing Human Locomotor Tasks","volume":"45","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00155-X","article-title":"Static and Dynamic Optimization Solutions for Gait Are Practically Equivalent","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.036","article-title":"Anthropometric and Biomechanical Characteristics of Body Segments in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"55","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2011.09.006","article-title":"The Measurement Setup for Real-Time Biomechanical Analysis of Rowing on an Ergometer","volume":"44","author":"Kamnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.20.3.317","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Loads in Ergometer Rowing","volume":"20","author":"Hase","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05610-x","article-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)-Assisted Rowing Combined with Zoledronic Acid, but Not Alone, Preserves Distal Femur Strength and Stiffness in People with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000092","article-title":"Active-Resisted Stance Modulates Regional Bone Mineral Density in Humans with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"36","author":"Shields","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/1\/75\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:29:11Z","timestamp":1759919351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/1\/75"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering12010075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12010075","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.08.21251109","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}