{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:05:30Z","timestamp":1791237930894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is a widespread issue impacting global oral health. White spot lesions, the earliest stage of caries, compromise enamel\u2019s esthetics and integrity. Remineralization therapies, both fluoride and non-fluoride based, aim to restore enamel, but limited comparative data exist on their effects on lesion depth and microhardness. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of remineralizing agents on lesion depth and microhardness of human teeth. The literature search included the following five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, SCOPUS, and EMBASE from the period 2012 to October 2022. Studies evaluating lesion depth and microhardness in human teeth after the application of a remineralizing agent were considered for review. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). A random effect model was used to pool estimate of effect and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for surface microhardness and depth lesion. Subgroup analyses were performed considering the presence of fluoride or not in the remineralization agent. Thirty-three studies were included in the qualitative review. Of these, twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The main risks of bias associated with the studies included a lack of blinding of the test operator and failure to obtain sample size. To conclude, fluorinated agents are more effective in remineralizing artificially induced white spot lesion than non-fluoride remineralizing agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T10:58:58Z","timestamp":1737457138000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Remineralizing Agents: Outcomes on White Spot Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Josefina","family":"Monjar\u00e1s-\u00c1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8577-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Hardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Enrique","family":"Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma Ver\u00f3nica Zavala","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estomatolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1996-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France"},{"name":"Division of Education, Ethics, Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37044 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Jabr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice (Healthcare Center), L-1740 Hollerich, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rim","family":"Bourgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Haikel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le de M\u00e9decine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, H\u00f4pital Civil, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2341\/06-177","article-title":"Clinical Measurement of Palatal Tooth Wear Following Coating by a Resin Sealing System","volume":"32","author":"Sundaram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oper. 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