{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:21:40Z","timestamp":1774653700978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2230790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2230790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL159599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL159599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["DMS-2230790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2230790"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R15HL159599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL159599"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: After myocardial infarction (MI), the heart undergoes necrosis, inflammation, scar formation, and remodeling. While restoring blood flow is crucial, it can cause ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, driven by reactive oxygen species (ROSs), which exacerbate cell death and tissue damage. This study introduces a mathematical model capturing key post-MI dynamics, including inflammatory responses, IR injury, cardiac remodeling, and stem cell therapy. The model uses nonlinear ordinary differential equations to simulate these processes under varying conditions, offering a predictive tool to understand MI pathophysiology better and optimize treatments. Methods: After myocardial infarction (MI), left ventricular remodeling progresses through three distinct yet interconnected phases. The first phase captures the immediate dynamics following MI, prior to any medical intervention. This stage is mathematically modeled using the system of ordinary differential equations: The second and third stages of the remodeling process account for the system dynamics of medical treatments, including oxygen restoration and subsequent stem cell injection at the injury site. Results: We simulate heart tissue and immune cell dynamics over 30 days for mild and severe MI using the novel mathematical model under medical treatment. The treatment involves no intervention until 2 h post-MI, followed by oxygen restoration and stem cell injection at day 7, which is shown experimentallyand numerically to be optimal. The simulation incorporates a baseline ROS threshold (Rc) where subcritical ROS levels do not cause cell damage. Conclusion: This study presents a novel mathematical model that extends a previously published framework by incorporating three clinically relevant parameters: oxygen restoration rate (\u03c9), patient risk factors (\u03b3), and neutrophil recruitment profile (\u03b4). The model accounts for post-MI inflammatory dynamics, ROS-mediated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, cardiac remodeling, and stem cell therapy. The model\u2019s sensitivity highlights critical clinical insights: while oxygen restoration is vital, excessive rates may exacerbate ROS-driven IR injury. Additionally, heightened patient risk factors (e.g., smoking, obesity) and immunodeficiency significantly impact tissue damage and recovery. This predictive tool offers valuable insights into MI pathology and aids in optimizing treatment strategies to mitigate IR injury and improve post-MI outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12020177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1739419415000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Mathematical Exploration of the Effects of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After a Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehtap","family":"Lafci B\u00fcy\u00fckkahraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, U\u015fak University, U\u015fak 64200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5567-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010-0138, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito M.","family":"Chen-Charpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1049-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010-0138, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5638-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo V.","family":"Kojouharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brown, J.C., Gerhardt, T.E., and Kwon, E. 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