{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:52:40Z","timestamp":1769205160936,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2409000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2409000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20180411185028798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411185028798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Develop Program of China","award":["U20A20373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20373"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Develop Program of China","award":["2022YFC2409000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2409000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Develop Program of China","award":["KQTD20180411185028798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411185028798"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["U20A20373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20373"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2022YFC2409000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2409000"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KQTD20180411185028798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411185028798"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension (HPT) is a chronic disease characterized by the consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure, which is considered to be a significant risk factor for conditions such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. The detection and continuous monitoring of HPT can be a demanding process. As a non-contact measuring method, the ballistocardiography (BCG) signal characterizes the repetitive body motion resulting from the forceful ejection of blood into the major blood vessels during each heartbeat. Therefore, it can be applied for HPT detection. HPT detection with BCG signals remains a challenging task. In this study, we propose an end-to-end deep convolutional model BH-Net for HPT detection through BCG signals. We also propose a data augmentation scheme by selecting the J-peak neighborhoods from the BCG time sequences for hypertension detection. Rigorously evaluated via a public data-set, we report an average accuracy of 97.93% and an average F1-score of 97.62%, outperforming the comparative state-of-the-art methods. We also report that the performance of the traditional machine learning methods and the comparative deep learning models was improved with the proposed data augmentation scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:12:11Z","timestamp":1740132731000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Deep Convolution Method for Hypertension Detection from Ballistocardiogram Signals with Heat-Map-Guided Data Augmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Renjie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen HUAYI Medical Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen HUAYI Medical Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen HUAYI Medical Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4519-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen lnstitute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1412-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoqin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen lnstitute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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