{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:53:51Z","timestamp":1780354431978,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aims: The effect of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) on left atrial pressure (LAP) in the presence of interventricular interaction and the Frank\u2013Starling mechanism is unknown. We developed and validated a mock circulatory loop (MCL) incorporating a novel, 3D-printed biventricular heart model and Frank\u2013Starling algorithm, and used this model to assess the determinants of LAP during VA-ECMO support. Methods: The MCL was designed to allow a separate ventricle or biventricular configuration, with or without an active Frank\u2013Starling mechanism. The biventricular model with Frank\u2013Starling mechanism was validated in terms of (1) the presence and degree of ventricular interactions; (2) its ability to simulate Frank\u2013Starling physiology; and (3) its capacity to simulate normal and pathological cardiac states. In the separate ventricle and biventricular with Frank\u2013Starling models, we assessed the effect on LAP of changes in mean aortic pressure (mAoP), ECMO pump speed, LV contractility and ECMO return flow direction. Results: In the biventricular configuration, clamping RA inflow decreased RAP, with a concurrent decrease in LAP, consistent with direct ventricular interaction. With a programmed Frank\u2013Starling mechanism, decreasing RAP was associated with a significant reduction in both LV outflow and LV end-systolic pressure. In the biventricular model with a Frank\u2013Starling algorithm, the MCL was able to reproduce pre-defined normal and pathological cardiac output, and arterial and ventricular pressures. Increasing aortic pressure caused a linear increase in LAP in the separate ventricle model, which was attenuated in the biventricular model with Frank\u2013Starling mechanism. Increasing ECMO pump speed caused no change in LAP in the separate ventricle model (p = 0.75), but significantly decreased LAP in the biventricular model with Frank\u2013Starling mechanism (p = 0.039), with stabilization of LAP at the highest pump speeds. Changing the direction of VA-ECMO return flow did not affect LAP in either the separate ventricle (p = 0.91) or biventricular model with Frank\u2013Starling mechanism (p = 0.76). Conclusions: Interventricular interactions and the Frank\u2013Starling mechanism can be simulated in a physical, biventricular MCL. In their presence, the effects of VA-ECMO on LAP are mitigated, with LAP reduction and stabilization at maximal VA-ECMO speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T06:15:33Z","timestamp":1740550533000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increased VA-ECMO Pump Speed Reduces Left Atrial Pressure: Insights from a Novel Biventricular Heart Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anirudhan","family":"Kasavaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Laboratory, St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1587-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence Antony","family":"Boss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Matus Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacky","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Adji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Laboratory, St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Canberra, Canberra 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Laboratory, St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Canberra, Canberra 2600, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Laboratory, St Vincent\u2019s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock Current Concepts and Improving Outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.646","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock in intensive care units: Evolution of prevalence, patient profile, management and outcomes, 1997\u20132012","volume":"19","author":"Puymirat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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