{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:31:44Z","timestamp":1780371104447,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The process of epiretinal membrane peeling (MP) requires precise intraoperative visualization to achieve optimal surgical outcomes. This study investigates the integration of preoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images into real-time surgical video feeds, providing a dynamic overlay that enhances the decision-making process during surgery. (2) Methods: Five MP surgeries were analyzed, where preoperative OCT images were first manually aligned with the initial frame of the surgical video by selecting five pairs of corresponding points. A homography transformation was then computed to overlay the OCT onto that first frame. Subsequently, for consecutive frames, feature point extraction (the Shi\u2013Tomasi method) and optical flow computation (the Lucas\u2013Kanade algorithm) were used to calculate frame-by-frame transformations, which were applied to the OCT image to maintain alignment in near real time. (3) Results: The method achieved a 92.7% success rate in optical flow detection and maintained an average processing speed of 7.56 frames per second (FPS), demonstrating the feasibility of near real-time application. (4) Conclusions: The developed approach facilitates enhanced intraoperative visualization, providing surgeons with easier retinal structure identification which results in more comprehensive data-driven decisions. By improving surgical precision while potentially reducing complications, this technique benefits both surgeons and patients. Furthermore, the integration of OCT overlays holds promise for advancing robot-assisted surgery and surgical training protocols. This pilot study establishes the feasibility of real-time OCT integration in MP and opens avenues for broader applications in vitreoretinal procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:59:59Z","timestamp":1741589999000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Real-Time Integration of Optical Coherence Tomography Thickness Map Overlays for Enhanced Visualization in Epiretinal Membrane Surgery: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferhat","family":"Turgut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Gutblick Research, 8088 Pf\u00e4ffikon, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1428 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8132-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Dataway AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0574-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3639-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahm","family":"Spitznagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"von Felten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Dataway AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Dataway AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc D.","family":"de Smet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mt Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"MIOS sa\/Helvetia Retina Associates, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Charg\u00e9 de Recherche, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n Zsolt","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1428 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias D.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor M\u00e1rk","family":"Somfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stadtspital Z\u00fcrich, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spross Research Institute, 8055 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1428 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.36","article-title":"Pathological changes in the vitreoretinal junction 1: Epiretinal membrane formation","volume":"22","author":"Snead","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05077-4","article-title":"Correlation between tangential distortion of the outer retinal layer and metamorphopsia in patients with epiretinal membrane","volume":"259","author":"Sakai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe Arch. 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