{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:48:52Z","timestamp":1787064532089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence","award":["EXC 1003\u2014CiM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 1003\u2014CiM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates four compression testing methods to determine the most reliable and reproducible technique for assessing the compression strength of murine lumbar vertebral bodies. Twenty female C57BL\/6 mice (12 weeks old) were randomized into four groups: Group 1, compression of the complete lumbar vertebral body (LVB) with dorsal spinal processes; Group 2, compression at the vertebral body surface; Group 3, compression at the vertebral body surface after vertebral arch resection; Group 4, resection of the vertebral arch with straightening of the intervertebral joint surface. A mono-axial static testing machine applied compression, measuring load to failure, stiffness, yield load, and elasticity modulus. Method 1 resulted in significantly higher load-to-failure and yield-to-failure (25.9 N compared to 18.2 N, and twice 12 N for Methods 2\u20134), with the least variation in relative values. Method 3 had increased stiffness and a significantly higher Young\u2019s modulus (232 N\/mm, in contrast to 101, 130, and 145 N\/mm for Methods 1, 2, and 4, respectively) but yielded inconsistent results. Method 4 showed the greatest variability across specimens. Method 2 yields suitable data quality as well, albeit with a slightly higher variation, and is the recommended procedure if the spinal processes have to be excluded from the measurement. Based on these findings, Method 1 produced the most consistent and reproducible data and is recommended for future studies evaluating vertebral biomechanics in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1741675950000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Compression Testing Methods for Murine Lumbar Vertebral Bodies: Identifying Most Reliable and Reproducible Techniques for Assessing Compressive Strength"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-7328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Wieskoetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Marienhospital Steinfurt, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Soeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heriburg","family":"Hidding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Timmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Raschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Stange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Marienhospital Steinfurt, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00486-0","article-title":"Bone Biomechanical Properties in Prostaglandin Ep1 and Ep2 Knockout Mice","volume":"29","author":"Akhter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000168550.65726.cb","article-title":"Effects of Growth Hormone Transgene Expression on Vertebrae in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"30","author":"King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.03.027","article-title":"Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Caudal Vertebrae in the Samp6 Mouse Model of Senile Osteoporosis","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.6.1126","article-title":"Genetic Regulation of Cortical and Trabecular Bone Strength and Microstructure in Inbred Strains of Mice","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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