{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:09:35Z","timestamp":1760058575136,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"3DT","award":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"]}]},{"name":"Cook Medical","award":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"]}]},{"name":"Army D01","award":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-19-1-0087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lymphatic system collects excess fluid and molecules from the interstitial space back into the venous system mainly via the thoracic duct (TD). Despite the importance of the lymphatic flow in health and disease, a validated pressure\u2013flow relation of lymphatic fluid through the TD is lacking in a translational large animal model. The objective of this work was to establish a pressure\u2013flow relationship for a TD segment with one valve in a swine model. Our methodology consisted of using a specialized bench experimental setup to measure the passive forward flow of 0.9% saline through single-valve TD segments (n = 5) under various pressure gradients. Using Poiseuille\u2019s law, we computed the resistance to flow in the TD segment. Subsequently, we used a sigmoidal function to model the relation between valve resistance and pressure gradient across the valve. We estimated the model\u2019s parameters using the Poiseuille-based resistance values and associated experimental pressure date then validated the model by comparing model predictions of flow to experimental measurements. We found that the model performs accurately (R2=0.985\u00b10.010). The resistance model validated here for a single valve TD segment provides a fundamental element for computational simulations of lymphatic flow in the entire TD. Moreover, this work provides a baseline for future characterization of TD behavior under pathological conditions, such as congestive heart failure or hepatitis caused ascites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12040401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pressure\u2013Flow Relation of Porcine Thoracic Duct Segment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bhavesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aashish","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jillian N.","family":"Noblet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN 47402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua F.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN 47402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN 47402, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Itkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lymphatic Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghassan S.","family":"Kassab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160192","article-title":"Invited Commentary: Lymphatic (or \u201cForgotten\u201d) Circulation Has to Be Rediscovered","volume":"36","author":"Itkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01723-x","article-title":"Lymphatic vessel: Origin, heterogeneity, biological functions and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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