{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:58:28Z","timestamp":1792803508691,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["JCRCZN-2022-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCRCZN-2022-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ekhbz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["82101081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101081"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ekhbz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["82371023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ekhbz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCRCZN-2022-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCRCZN-2022-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82101081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101081"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82371023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), characterized by angle closure (AC) with insidious and irreversible progression, requires precise assessment of AC mechanisms for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This study developed an artificial intelligence system, ACM-Assessor, to evaluate AC mechanisms in ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) images. A dataset of 8482 UBM images from 1160 patients was retrospectively collected. ACM-Assessor comprises models for pixel-to-physical spacing conversion, anterior chamber angle boundary segmentation, and scleral spur localization, along with three binary classification models to assess pupillary block (PB), thick peripheral iris (TPI), and anteriorly located ciliary body (ALCB). The integrated assessment model classifies AC mechanisms into pure PB, pure non-PB, multiple mechanisms (MM), and others. ACM-Assessor\u2019s evaluation encompassed external testing (2266 images), human\u2013machine competition and assisting beginners\u2019 assessment (an independent test set of 436 images). ACM-Assessor achieved accuracies of 0.924 (PB), 0.925 (TPI), 0.947 (ALCB), and 0.839 (integrated assessment). In man\u2013machine comparisons, the system\u2019s accuracy was comparable to experts (p &gt; 0.05). With model assistance, beginners\u2019 accuracy improved by 0.117 for binary classification and 0.219 for integrated assessment. ACM-Assessor demonstrates expert-level accuracy and enhances beginners\u2019 learning in UBM analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12040415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1744611516000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ACM-Assessor: An Artificial Intelligence System for Assessing Angle Closure Mechanisms in Ultrasound Biomicroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehua","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Comprehensive Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biqing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, and Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2021). 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