{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:03:44Z","timestamp":1792001024274,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence sensitive to substances that alter the local magnetic field, such as calcium and iron, allowing phase information to distinguish between them. SWI is a 3D gradient\u2013echo sequence with high spatial resolution that leverages both phase and magnitude effects. The interaction of paramagnetic (such as hemosiderin and deoxyhemoglobin), diamagnetic (including calcifications and minerals), and ferromagnetic substances with the local magnetic field distorts it, leading to signal changes. Neurodegenerative diseases are typically characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and their supporting cells within the neurovascular unit. This cellular decline is associated with a corresponding deterioration of both cognitive and motor abilities. Many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased iron accumulation or microhemorrhages in various brain regions, making SWI a valuable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Suggestive SWI findings are known in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Lewy body dementia, atypical parkinsonian syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary ataxias, Huntington\u2019s disease, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This review will assist radiologists in understanding the technical framework of SWI sequences for a correct interpretation of currently established MRI findings and for its potential future clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12050473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI): Technical Aspects and Applications in Brain MRI for Neurodegenerative Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Vaccarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Multizonal Unit of Rovereto and Arco, APSS Provincia Autonoma Di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Cosimo","family":"Quattrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Multizonal Unit of Rovereto and Arco, APSS Provincia Autonoma Di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Sciences-CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Parillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Multizonal Unit of Rovereto and Arco, APSS Provincia Autonoma Di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203071","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted Imaging: Technical Essentials and Clinical Neurologic Applications","volume":"299","author":"Haller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210054","article-title":"Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: Basic Methods and Clinical Applications","volume":"42","author":"Harada","year":"2022","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Buch, S., Chen, Y., Choi, H., Dai, Y., Habib, C., Hu, J., Jung, J., Luo, Y., and Utriainen, D. 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