{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:24:49Z","timestamp":1783545889523,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressive retinal disease associated with late-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a significant cause of visual impairment in senior adults. GA lesion segmentation is important for disease monitoring in clinical trials and routine ophthalmic practice; however, its manual delineation is time-consuming, laborious, and subject to inter-grader variability. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding within the medical field and could potentially improve accuracy while reducing the workload by facilitating this task. This systematic review evaluates the performance of AI algorithms for GA segmentation and highlights their key limitations from the literature. Five databases and two registries were searched from inception until 23 March 2024, following the PRISMA methodology. Twenty-four studies met the prespecified eligibility criteria, and fifteen were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.88\u20130.95), signifying a high agreement between the reference standards and model predictions. The risk of bias and reporting quality were assessed using QUADAS-2 and CLAIM tools. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of AI applications for GA segmentation and identifies areas for improvement. The findings support the potential of AI to enhance clinical workflows and highlight pathways for improved future models that could bridge the gap between research settings and real-world clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12050475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Geographic Atrophy Segmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2312-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Chatzara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3679-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Maliagkani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Mitsopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6HU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Katsimpris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6439-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis D.","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTA Lab, Department of Energy Systems, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis Campus, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elpiniki","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTA Lab, Department of Energy Systems, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis Campus, 41500 Larisa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Georgalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, G. 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