{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:35Z","timestamp":1760058875271,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Monitoring pulse rate is fundamental to cardiovascular health management and early detection of rhythm disturbances. While oscillometric blood pressure measurement is well established and validated in clinical practice, its use for pulse rate monitoring, particularly via wrist-worn devices, remains largely unexplored. Objective: This study investigates whether a smartwatch that performs oscillometric blood pressure measurements at the wrist can also deliver reliable pulse rate readings using the same method. Methods: This study compared pulse rates recorded by the Omron HeartGuide smartwatch and conventional ambulatory blood pressure monitors in 50 patients over 24 h. Measurements were taken consecutively, and data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland\u2013Altman plots. Results: The study showed a high ICC of 0.971, indicating excellent agreement between devices. The average pulse rate difference was 1.5 bpm, with the Omron HeartGuide reporting slightly lower rates, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that oscillometric pulse-rate monitoring at the wrist can achieve a high degree of accuracy, comparable to conventional upper-arm devices. Given that oscillometric smartwatches like the Omron HeartGuide are already used for blood pressure monitoring, the findings suggest that they may also be suitable for pulse rate measurement, potentially enhancing their role in telemetric healthcare, but further research is needed, particularly in patients with arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12050492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T21:42:09Z","timestamp":1746481329000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WATCH-PR: Comparison of the Pulse Rate of a WATCH-Type Blood Pressure Monitor with the Pulse Rate of a Conventional Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5312-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathini","family":"Vaseekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johannes Wesling University Hospital, 32429 Minden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Johannes Wesling Hospital, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, 32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Wiemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johannes Wesling University Hospital, 32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Kaese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johannes Wesling University Hospital, 32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2574-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"G\u00f6rlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University M\u00fcnster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Hinkelbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Johannes Wesling Hospital, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, 32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Johannes Wesling Hospital, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, 32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Samol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johannes Wesling University Hospital, 32429 Minden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, St. Antonius-Hospital Gronau GmbH, M\u00f6llenweg 22, 48599 Gronau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galli, A., Montree, R.J.H., Que, S., Peri, E., and Vullings, R. (2022). An Overview of the Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring Used in Extramural Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114035"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A review","volume":"44","author":"Kannathal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27113","article-title":"Assessing heart rate and blood pressure estimation from image photoplethysmography using a digital blood pressure meter","volume":"10","author":"Trirongjitmoah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.2.622","article-title":"Need for a revision of the normal limits of resting heart rate","volume":"33","author":"Palatini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarczok, M.N., Weimer, K., Braun, C., Williams, D.P., Thayer, J.F., G\u00fcndel, H.O., and Balint, E.M. (2022). Heart rate variability in the prediction of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy and patient populations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104907"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00602.x","article-title":"Heart rate and mortality","volume":"247","author":"Reunanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14251","article-title":"Predictive value of attended automated office blood pressure and resting pulse rate for mortality in community-dwelling octogenarians: Minhang study","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.53","article-title":"Automated determination of the ankle-brachial index using an oscillometric blood pressure monitor: Validation vs. Doppler measurement and cardiovascular risk factor profile","volume":"34","author":"Kollias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetto, S., Caldato, C., Greenwood, D.C., Bartoli, N., Pensabene, V., and Actis, P. (2019). Remote heart rate monitoring\u2014Assessment of the Facereader rPPg by Noldus. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225592"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabien, S., Waechter, S., Kayode, G.A., M\u00fcller, B., Roth, M., and Koehler, F. (2025). Smartwatches in the assessment of heart failure patients in epidemiology and pathophysiology studies: A scoping review. ESC Heart Fail.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15226"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, J.-P., and Kang, M. (2025). Apple watch accuracy in monitoring health metrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol. Meas., 46.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/adca82"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibomana, O., Hakayuwa, C.M., Obianke, A., Gahire, H., Munyantore, J., and Chilala, M.M. (2025). Diagnostic accuracy of ECG smart chest patches versus PPG smartwatches for atrial fibrillation detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04582-2"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20206","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and applicability of psychophysiological techniques in marketing research","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04171-3","article-title":"Blood pressure measurement in pediatric population: Comparison between automated oscillometric devices and mercury sphygmomanometers-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076241254026","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241254026","article-title":"Reliability of continuous vital sign monitoring in post-operative patients employing consumer-grade fitness trackers: A randomised pilot trial","volume":"10","author":"Helmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14951","article-title":"Evaluation of an algorithm-guided photoplethysmography for atrial fibrillation burden using a smartwatch","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0207-9","article-title":"Photoplethysmography based atrial fibrillation detection: A review","volume":"3","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfonso, C., Garcia-Gonzalez, M.A., Parrado, E., Gil-Rojas, J., Ramos-Castro, J., and Capdevila, L. (2022). Agreement between two photoplethysmography-based wearable devices for monitoring heart rate during different physical activity situations: A new analysis methodology. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18356-9"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01718-0","article-title":"A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Smartwatch \u201cInterrogation\u201d","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"217","article-title":"Accuracy of the OMRON HEM-7361T blood pressure monitor in the differentiation between atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13799","article-title":"The first study comparing a wearable watch-type blood pressure monitor with a conventional ambulatory blood pressure monitor on in-office and out-of-office settings","volume":"22","author":"Kario","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-021-00596-3","article-title":"Accuracy of non-invasive blood pressure measurement in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaseekaran, M., Kaese, S., G\u00f6rlich, D., Wiemer, M., and Samol, A. (2023). WATCH-BPM-Comparison of a WATCH-Type Blood Pressure Monitor with a Conventional Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor and Auscultatory Sphygmomanometry. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218877"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13499","article-title":"Validation of two watch-type wearable blood pressure monitors according to the ANSI\/AAMI\/ISO81060-2:2013 guidelines: Omron HEM-6410T-ZM and HEM-6410T-ZL","volume":"21","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, June 09). OMRON HeartAdvisor\u2014Apps bei Google Play. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.omronhealthcare.heartadvisor&hl=de&pli=1."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42359","DOI":"10.2196\/42359","article-title":"Accuracy and Systematic Biases of Heart Rate Measurements by Consumer-Grade Fitness Trackers in Postoperative Patients: Prospective Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Helmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oeac072","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeac072","article-title":"Monitoring and diagnosis of intermittent arrhythmias: Evidence-based guidance and role of novel monitoring strategies","volume":"2","author":"Carrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002998","article-title":"Accuracy of the oscillometric method for the measurement of heart rate at rest and during mild exercise","volume":"40","author":"Palatini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2991\/artres.k.200624.001","article-title":"Accurate Measurement of Blood Pressure","volume":"26","author":"Picone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artery Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001626","article-title":"Brachial Arterial Pressure Monitoring during Cardiac Surgery Rarely Causes Complications","volume":"126","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318480","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation: Global burdens and global opportunities","volume":"107","author":"Kornej","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa061","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation, 1990-2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jachymek, M., Jachymek, M.T., Kiedrowicz, R.M., Ka\u017amierczak, J., P\u0142o\u0144ska-Go\u015bciniak, E., and Peregud-Pogorzelska, M. (2021). Wristbands in Home-Based Rehabilitation-Validation of Heart Rate Measurement. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010060"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e059172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059172","article-title":"Detection of atrial fibrillation in primary care with radial pulse palpation, electronic blood pressure measurement and handheld single-lead electrocardiography: A diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"12","author":"Uittenbogaart","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0386-4","article-title":"The impact of atrial fibrillation on accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement: Effect of ventricular rate","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, G., Hantson, L., Larmuseau, M., Heerman, J.R., Siau, V., and Verdonck, P. (2024). A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123766"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/5\/492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:27:15Z","timestamp":1760030835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/5\/492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering12050492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12050492","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5354"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]}}}