{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:13:48Z","timestamp":1792624428813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["21\/05445\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/05445\u20137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) involves the destruction of pancreatic \u03b2-cells, requiring ongoing insulin therapy. A promising alternative for management is pancreatic islet transplantation, or the bioartificial pancreas. Here, we examine the primary implantation sites for the bioartificial pancreas, highlighting their anatomical, physical, and immunological characteristics in the context of T1DM treatment. Traditionally used for islet transplantation, the liver promotes metabolic efficiency due to portal drainage; however, it presents issues such as hypoxia and inflammatory responses. The omentum offers excellent vascularization but has limited capacity for subsequent transplants. The renal subcapsular space is advantageous when combined with kidney transplants; however, its use is limited due to low vascularization. The subcutaneous space is notable for its accessibility and lower invasiveness, although its poor vascularization poses significant challenges. These challenges can be mitigated with bioengineering strategies. The gastrointestinal submucosa provides easy access and good vascularization, which makes it a promising option for endoscopic approaches. Additionally, the intrapleural space, which remains underexplored, offers benefits such as increased oxygenation and reduced inflammatory response. Selecting the ideal site for bioartificial pancreas implantation should balance graft support, complication reduction, and surgical accessibility. Bioengineered devices and scaffolds can address the limitations of traditional sites and enhance T1DM management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12050499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T04:13:44Z","timestamp":1746764024000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessing Implantation Sites for Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation: Implications for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vin\u00edcius","family":"Gabriel Silv\u00e9rio Scholl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Todeschini Justus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ot\u00e1vio Sim\u00f5es","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6200-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Karine Pasqual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Henrique Herminio","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Gon\u00e7alves","family":"da Silva Petronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Flores","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Maria Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Mar\u00edlia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Fornari Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Pires","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsurgery and Plastic Surgery Laboratory (LIM-04), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Miglino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5497201700010002","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de diabetes mellitus e fatores associados na popula\u00e7\u00e3o adulta brasileira: Evid\u00eancias de um inqu\u00e9rito de base populacional","volume":"20","author":"Flor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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