{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T23:38:30Z","timestamp":1782344310754,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Brains for Healthy Lives (HBHL), Innovative Ideas Competition 2","award":["A56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A56"]}]},{"name":"Health Brains for Healthy Lives (HBHL), Innovative Ideas Competition 2","award":["59B192203150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59B192203150"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Exeter BRC","award":["A56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A56"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Exeter BRC","award":["59B192203150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59B192203150"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK)","award":["A56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A56"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK)","award":["59B192203150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59B192203150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects both motor and non-motor functions, but their interactions are understudied. This study aims to explore the relationships between non-motor and motor effects of PD, focusing on depression, fatigue, gait parameters, concentration, and physical function. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized feasibility study using a commercially available Heel2Toe\u2122 sensor, providing auditory feedback for gait quality. The sample included PD patients with gait impairments who walked without aids. Non-motor measures were depression, fatigue, and concentration, while motor measures included gait quality (angular velocity and variability during heel strike, push-off, foot swing) and physical function (6MWT, Mini-BESTest, Neuro-QoL). Path analysis was used to assess direct and indirect effects. Results: Among 27 participants, fatigue impacted heel strike, which affected Neuro-QoL. Mood influenced push-off and Neuro-QoL, with a direct link to 6MWT. Foot swing affected Mini-BESTest and Neuro-QoL directly. Conclusions: Non-motor PD effects directly influenced specific gait parameters and physical function indicators, highlighting potential digital biomarkers of fatigue and mood for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12050551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1747809087000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evidence for the Link Between Non-Motor Symptoms, Kinematic Gait Parameters, and Physical Function in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eren","family":"Timurtas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey"},{"name":"School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed-Abou","family":"Sharkh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhysioBiometrics Inc., Montreal, QC H2V 1P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kedar K. V.","family":"Mate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhysioBiometrics Inc., Montreal, QC H2V 1P4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Dawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhysioBiometrics Inc., Montreal, QC H2V 1P4, Canada"},{"name":"NIHR Exeter BRC, Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter TR10 9EZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Research Institute of McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada"},{"name":"PhysioBiometrics Inc., Montreal, QC H2V 1P4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2015.0330","article-title":"Dopamine receptors and neurodegeneration","volume":"6","author":"Coronel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu135","article-title":"Attention to automatic movements in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Modified automatic mode in the striatum","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. 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