{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:57:47Z","timestamp":1791925067903,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["R113-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-33"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["KAFGH_D_114027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114027"]}]},{"name":"Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","award":["R113-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-33"]}]},{"name":"Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","award":["KAFGH_D_114027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114027"]}]},{"name":"Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, the Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, the Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["R113-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-33"]}]},{"name":"Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, the Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["KAFGH_D_114027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114027"]}]},{"name":"National Chung Cheng University Joint Research Program","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Chung Cheng University Joint Research Program","award":["R113-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-33"]}]},{"name":"National Chung Cheng University Joint Research Program","award":["KAFGH_D_114027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114027"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Research Program","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Research Program","award":["R113-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-33"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Research Program","award":["KAFGH_D_114027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_114027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Capsule endoscopy (CE) has revolutionized gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostics by providing a non-invasive, patient-centered approach to observing the digestive tract. Conceived in 2000 by Gavriel Iddan, CE employs a diminutive, ingestible capsule containing a high-resolution camera, LED lighting, and a power supply. It specializes in visualizing the small intestine, a region frequently unreachable by conventional endoscopy. CE helps detect and monitor disorders, such as unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn\u2019s disease, and cancer, while presenting a lower procedural risk than conventional endoscopy. Contrary to conventional techniques that necessitate anesthesia, CE reduces patient discomfort and complications. Nonetheless, its constraints, specifically the incapacity to conduct biopsies or therapeutic procedures, have spurred technical advancements. Five primary types of capsule endoscopes have emerged: steerable, magnetic, robotic, tethered, and hybrid. Their performance varies substantially. For example, the image sizes vary from 256 \u00d7 256 to 640 \u00d7 480 pixels, the fields of view (FOV) range from 140\u00b0 to 360\u00b0, the battery life is between 8 and 15 h, and the frame rates fluctuate from 2 to 35 frames per second, contingent upon motion-adaptive capture. This study addresses a significant gap by methodically evaluating CE platforms, outlining their clinical preparedness, and examining the underexploited potential of artificial intelligence in improving diagnostic precision. Through the examination of technical requirements and clinical integration, we highlight the progress made in overcoming existing CE constraints and outline prospective developments for next-generation GI diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12060613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1749027064000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Capsule Endoscopy: Current Trends, Technological Advancements, and Future Perspectives in Gastrointestinal Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chang-Chao","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 60002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chu-Kuang","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 60002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Obesity Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 60002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Quality, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 60002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Mukundan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Chennai Institute of Technology, Sarathy Nagar, Chennai 600069, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riya","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binusha Fathima","family":"Sanbatcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Salem-Kochi Hwy, Coimbatore 641021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 2, Zhongzheng 1st.Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Tajen University, 20, Weixin Rd., Yanpu Township, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chun","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 2, Zhongzheng 1st.Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4107-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan"},{"name":"Hitspectra Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 80661, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772018755587","article-title":"Philipp Bozzini (1773\u20131809): The earliest description of endoscopy","volume":"26","author":"Ramai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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