{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:17:22Z","timestamp":1790885842621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for early detection. While mammography is the gold standard, it faces cost and accessibility barriers in resource-limited areas. Infrared thermography is a promising cost-effective, non-invasive, painless, and radiation-free alternative that detects tumors by measuring their thermal signatures through thermal infrared radiation. However, challenges persist, including limited clinical validation, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a primary screening tool, physiological variations among individuals, differing interpretation standards, and a shortage of specialized radiologists. This survey uniquely focuses on integrating texture analysis and machine learning within infrared thermography for breast cancer detection, addressing the existing literature gaps, and noting that this approach achieves high-ranking results. It comprehensively reviews the entire processing pipeline, from image preprocessing and feature extraction to classification and performance assessment. The survey critically analyzes the current limitations, including over-reliance on limited datasets like DMR-IR. By exploring recent advancements, this work aims to reduce radiologists\u2019 workload, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and identify key future research directions in this evolving field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12060639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T11:18:40Z","timestamp":1749640720000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Breast Cancer Detection Using Infrared Thermography: A Survey of Texture Analysis and Machine Learning Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3878-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Graduate Center, CUNY, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sos","family":"Agaian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Graduate Center, CUNY, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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