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In this study, an Fe3+-augmented composite bioreactor was developed to enhance the multi-pollutant removal performance and to elucidate the associated microbial community dynamics. The Fe3+-augmented system achieved efficient removal of oil (99.18 \u00b1 0.91%), suspended solids (65.81 \u00b1 17.55%), chemical oxygen demand (48.63 \u00b1 15.15%), and polymers (57.72 \u00b1 14.87%). The anaerobic compartment served as the core biotreatment unit, playing a pivotal role in microbial pollutant degradation. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Fe3+ supplementation strengthened syntrophic interactions between iron-reducing bacteria (Trichococcus and Bacillus) and methanogenic archaea (Methanobacterium and Methanomethylovorans), thereby facilitating the biodegradation of long-chain hydrocarbons (e.g., eicosane and nonadecane). Further metabolic function analysis identified long-chain-fatty-acid CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3) as a key enzyme mediating the interplay between hydrocarbon degradation and nitrogen cycling. This study elucidated the ecological mechanisms governing Fe3+-mediated multi-pollutant removal in a composite bioreactor and highlighted the potential of this approach for efficient, sustainable, and adaptable management of produced water in the petroleum industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12070784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1753094131000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced Oilfield-Produced-Water Treatment Using Fe3+-Augmented Composite Bioreactor: Performance and Microbial Community Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qiushi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China"},{"name":"Daqing Oilfield Design Institute Co., Ltd., Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China"},{"name":"Daqing Oilfield Design Institute Co., Ltd., Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongman","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daqing Oilfield Design Institute Co., Ltd., Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2696-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c03625","article-title":"Review on Oil Displacement Technologies of Enhanced Oil Recovery: State-of-the-Art and Outlook","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.132335","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the effect of interfacial properties of chemical flooding for enhanced heavy oil recovery","volume":"677","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. 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