{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1788959113314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12241203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12241203"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022NSCQ-MSX1555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSCQ-MSX1555"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["12241203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12241203"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["2022NSCQ-MSX1555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSCQ-MSX1555"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human Tau protein stands for one of the most conspicuous and crucial hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) diagnosis, along with other tauopathies. However, the assay for direct detection of tiny Tau protein concentrations in human samples continues to pose a significant challenge for the early diagnosis of AD. Thus, an amplification-based strategy is required. In this proposed work, we established an impedimetric immunosensor to detect human Tau-441 protein in PBS buffer using a sandwich approach, wherein we employed two distinct monoclonal antibodies (HT7 and BT2) that specifically recognize the amino acids 159\u2013198 of the target protein. Through this strategy, we were able to detect as low as 0.08 pg\/mL. These findings were attributed to the use of a biotinylated antibody (BT2)-streptavidin complex, which facilitated the amplification of the normalized signal, resulting in a lower limit of detection in comparison to the directly based immunosensors. Subsequently, we investigated the designed immunosensor to assess the assay\u2019s selectivity in the presence of different off-targets, and no cross-interaction was recorded. The outcomes of our study provide valuable new insights into the application of sandwich-based assay as a highly sensitive and selective immunosensor for the detection of small protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12080805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Sandwich-Type Impedimetric Immunosensor for the Detection of Tau-441 Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Khouloud","family":"Djebbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyes","family":"Douadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5326-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaker","family":"Tlili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400714, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-015-0351-0","article-title":"Inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. 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