{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:49:53Z","timestamp":1761976193308,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological conditions of the spinal cord have been found to be associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). This study aims to explore the feasibility of automatic deep-learning-based classification of the pathological condition of the spinal cord to quantify its severity. A Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)-based spinal cord pathological assessment method was proposed. A multi-dimensional feature fusion model, referred to as DCSANet-MD (DTI-Based CSM Severity Assessment Network-Multi-Dimensional), was developed to extract both 2D and 3D features from DTI slices, incorporating a feature integration mechanism to enhance the representation of spatial information. To evaluate this method, 176 CSM patients with cervical DTI slices and clinical records were collected. The proposed assessment model demonstrated an accuracy of 82% in predicting two categories of severity levels (mild and severe). Furthermore, in a more refined three-category severity classification (mild, moderate, and severe), using a hierarchical classification strategy, the model achieved an accuracy of approximately 68%, which significantly exceeded the baseline performance. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of the deep-learning-based method as a decision-making support tool for DTI-based pathological assessments of CSM, offering great value in monitoring disease progression and guiding the intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12080806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Deep-Learning-Based Diffusion Tensor Imaging Pathological Auto-Analysis Method for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuoheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division, Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division, Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningbo","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division, Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division, Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524013, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004456","article-title":"Utility of diffusion basis spectrum imaging in quantifying baseline disease severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0303-0","article-title":"Degenerative cervical myelopathy\u2014Update and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Badhiwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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