{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:13Z","timestamp":1760060113518,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)","award":["HHSF223201810151C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSF223201810151C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topical drug administration is a common method of delivering medications to the eye to treat various ocular conditions, including glaucoma, dry eye, and inflammation. Drug efficacy following topical administration, including the drug\u2019s distribution within the eye, absorption and elimination rates, and physiological responses can be predicted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. High-resolution computational models of the eye are desirable to improve simulations of drug delivery; however, these approaches can have long run times. In this study, a fast-running computational quasi-3D (Q3D) model of the human tear film was developed to account for absorption, blinking, drainage, and evaporation. Visualization of blinking mechanics and flow distributions throughout the tear film were enabled using this Q3D approach. Average drug absorption throughout the tear film subregions was quantified using a high-resolution compartment model based on a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Simulations were validated by comparing them with experimental data from topical administration of 0.1% dexamethasone suspension in the tear film (R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 8.7, AARD = 28.8%). Overall, the Q3D tear film model accounts for critical mechanistic factors (e.g., blinking and drainage) not previously included in fast-running models. Further, this work demonstrated methods toward improved computational efficiency, where central processing unit (CPU) time was decreased while maintaining accuracy. Building upon this work, this Q3D approach applied to the tear film will allow for more seamless integration into full-body models, which will be an extremely valuable tool in the development of treatments for ocular conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12080825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quasi-3D Mechanistic Model for Predicting Eye Drop Distribution in the Human Tear Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Harsha T.","family":"Garimella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Energy, and Materials Division, CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Energy, and Materials Division, CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Energy, and Materials Division, CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Przekwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical, Energy, and Materials Division, CFD Research Corporation, 6820 Moquin Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Walenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Babiskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Liang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S420932","article-title":"Glaucoma and dry eye disease: Opportunity to assess and treat","volume":"17","author":"Nijm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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