{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:43:45Z","timestamp":1793241825103,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20TPA35490215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20TPA35490215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL141345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL141345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health R01","award":["20TPA35490215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20TPA35490215"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health R01","award":["HL141345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL141345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone integrity is maintained through continuous remodeling, orchestrated by the coordinated actions of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Once considered passive bystanders, osteocytes are now recognized as central regulators of this process, mediating biochemical signaling and mechanotransduction. Malfunctioning osteocytes contribute to serious skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, have emerged as promising agents for bone regeneration, primarily through the paracrine effects of their secreted exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes are nanoscale vesicles enriched with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that promote intercellular communication, osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and angiogenesis. Notably, they deliver osteoinductive microRNAs (miRNAs) that influence osteogenic markers and support bone tissue repair. In vivo investigations validate their capacity to enhance bone regeneration, increase bone volume, and improve biomechanical strength. Additionally, MSC-derived exosomes regulate the immune response, creating pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic factors, boosting their therapeutic efficacy. Due to their cell-free characteristics, MSC-derived exosomes offer benefits such as diminished immunogenicity and minimal risk of off-target effects. These properties position them as promising and innovative approaches for bone regeneration, integrating immunomodulatory effects with tissue-specific regenerative capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12080844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Functions of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Bone Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manorathna","family":"Arun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeja","family":"Rajasingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parani","family":"Madasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnson","family":"Rajasingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2014Cardiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G.R., Sasso-Cerri, E., Sim\u00f5es, M.J., and Cerri, P.S. 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