{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:27:26Z","timestamp":1791588446337,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) remains one of the most prevalent and disabling musculoskeletal conditions globally, with profound social, economic, and healthcare implications. The rising incidence and chronic nature of LBP highlight the need for more objective, personalized, and effective approaches to assessment and rehabilitation. In this context, bioengineering has emerged as a transformative field, offering novel tools and methodologies that enhance the understanding and management of LBP. This narrative review examines current bioengineering applications in both diagnostic and therapeutic domains. For assessment, technologies such as wearable inertial sensors, three-dimensional motion capture systems, surface electromyography, and biomechanical modeling provide real-time, quantitative insights into posture, movement patterns, and muscle activity. On the therapeutic front, innovations including robotic exoskeletons, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, virtual reality-based rehabilitation, and tele-rehabilitation platforms are increasingly being integrated into multimodal treatment protocols. These technologies support precision medicine by tailoring interventions to each patient\u2019s biomechanical and functional profile. Furthermore, the incorporation of artificial intelligence into clinical workflows enables automated data analysis, predictive modeling, and decision support systems, while future directions such as digital twin technology hold promise for personalized simulation and outcome forecasting. While these advancements are promising, further validation in large-scale, real-world settings is required to ensure safety, efficacy, and equitable accessibility. Ultimately, bioengineering provides a multidimensional, data-driven framework that has the potential to significantly improve the assessment, rehabilitation, and overall management of LBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1755870469000},"page":"900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bioengineering Support in the Assessment and Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Luigi Giuseppe","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d University of Roma, 00135 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3535-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameen Abdulhasan","family":"Al-Alwany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piercarlo","family":"Sarzi Puttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60610-7","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"379","author":"Mannion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00706-w","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Personalized Therapy Approaches for Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: Understanding the Mechanisms and Drivers","volume":"14","author":"Danilov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.175","article-title":"Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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