{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:28:56Z","timestamp":1777163336595,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several decades after the development of FEM in computer-based form, which is a milestone in the evaluation of mechanical systems, the method has been adopted to analyze the biomechanical response of human skeletal structures. This innovative technique has generated new questions, but also new results, and, at the same time, competitive environments with explosive development, in the recent period. This research is focused on analyzing, using FEM, the extreme thermal variations produced at the level of two oro-facial systems (one control and one subjected to orthodontic therapy using a fixed metallic orthodontic appliance). The objective of the study was to determine the temperature evolution in different dental structures subjected to extreme temperatures given by variations between very cold and very hot foods. Each system was exposed to a succession of extreme thermal regimes (70\u2026\u221218\u202670\u2026 \u00b0C and \u221218\u202670\u2026\u221218\u2026 \u00b0C). In order to conduct this research, we used the case of a 14-year-old female patient. Following an orthodontic evaluation, we discovered that the patient had dento-alveolar disharmony with crowding. The straight-wire method of applying a fixed metallic orthodontic appliance was chosen. As complementary examinations, the patient was subjected to a bimaxillary CBCT. Using a series of programs (InVesalius, Geomagic, SolidWorks, and AnsysWorkbench), a three-dimensional model was obtained. This model contained jaws and teeth. Also, brackets, tubes, and orthodontic wires can be incorporated into the model. Following the simulations carried out in this study, it was found that thermal variations from the dental pulp are more severe for the oro-facial system with a fixed metallic orthodontic appliance (regardless of the type of thermal stimulus used). Thus, even today, with all the facilities available in the dental materials industry, metallic orthodontic devices present significant thermal conductivity, generating harmful effects on the dental structures. The reading of the results was performed on the virtual model, more precisely, on the internal dental structures (enamel, dentin, and pulp). A statistical study was not performed because it was considered that, in other patients, the results would be similar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T12:31:26Z","timestamp":1755865886000},"page":"901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Extreme Thermal Variations in the Oral Cavity of a Patient with a Fixed Metallic Orthodontic Appliance Using the Finite Element Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelian-Mihai-Sever","family":"Petrescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Rauten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai Raul","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occlusology and Fixed Prosthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drago\u0219 Lauren\u021biu","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive, Transportation and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200478 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Buciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Nursing, Faculty of Nursing-T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Titu Maiorescu University, 210102 T\u00e2rgu Jiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard-Mihai","family":"Ciuc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiberius-C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"Dudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"B\u0103t\u0103iosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6630","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6630","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition in Shanghai, China","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Olivos, L.H.G., Chac\u00f3n-Uscamaita, P.R., Quinto-Argote, A.G., Pumahualcca, G., and P\u00e9rez-Vargas, L.F. 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