{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1788188274812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patient-tailored, 3D-printed surgical guides offer significant potential to improve precision and therapeutic efficacy in cardiac ablation surgery. However, reliable post-sterilization material performance presents a critical yet underexplored barrier to clinical adoption. This study investigates how disinfection and sterilization impact the mechanical and thermal properties of photopolymer resins. Specimens from two 3D-printing resins (Bioflex A80 MB\u2122, 3Dresyns; MED625FLX\u2122, Stratasys) were treated with four combinations of disinfection techniques (low-temperature manual cleaning; high-temperature machine washing) and sterilization techniques (H2O2 vs. autoclaving). We assessed post-sterilization properties by mechanical (material integrity, bending tests), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis), and viscoelastic (dynamic mechanical analysis) studies. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). From this preliminary study, we conclude that MED625FLX maintains integrity and flexibility across all tested disinfection and sterilization methods. Bioflex A80 MB is only suitable for low-temperature disinfection\u2013sterilization, as high-temperature treatments cause surface cracking. Neither resin is appropriate for cryogenic conditions due to the risk of brittleness. Further research into post-sterilization properties is essential to ensure the safety and clinical reliability of these materials in cardiac procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:29:18Z","timestamp":1756376958000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Disinfection and Sterilization on 3D-Printing Resin Performance for Surgical Guides in Cardiac Ablation Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9142-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rani","family":"Kronenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Kazma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Amirabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire Viana","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Talevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6rkem Eyl\u00fcl","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering (SUME)\u2014Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5324-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"Van den Brande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering (SUME)\u2014Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramak Hossein","family":"Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4099-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalliopi-Artemi","family":"Kalteremidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Van Hemelrijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitty","family":"Baert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering\u2014Lab of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3456-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Hauffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering\u2014Lab of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Soete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Pannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Maria","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Eltsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2967-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Battista","family":"Chierchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"La Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gharaviri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"de Asmundis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Heart Rhythm Research Brussels, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2023.00200","article-title":"3D printing in biomedicine: Advancing personalized care through additive manufacturing","volume":"4","author":"Pathak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleksy, M., Dynarowicz, K., and Aebisher, D. (2023). Rapid Prototyping Technologies: 3D Printing Applied in Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082169"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelari, M., Cappello, I.A., Pannone, L., Monaco, C., Talevi, G., Bori, E., Ramak, R., La Meir, M., Gharaviri, A., and Chierchia, G.B. (2022). A 3D-printed surgical guide for ischemic scar targeting and ablation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1029816"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talevi, G., Pannone, L., Monaco, C., Bori, E., Cappello, I.A., Candelari, M., Ramak, R., La Meir, M., Gharaviri, A., and Chierchia, G.B. (2022). Development of a 3D printed surgical guide for Brugada syndrome substrate ablation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1029685"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"ivad160","article-title":"3D mapping challenges in hybrid video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical ablation of Brugada syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Eltsov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-018-0030-y","article-title":"Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) 3D printing Special Interest Group (SIG): Guidelines for medical 3D printing and appropriateness for clinical scenarios","volume":"4","author":"Chepelev","year":"2018","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2022.100045","article-title":"Sterilization of bedside 3D-printed devices for use in the operating room","volume":"5","author":"Wiseman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-024-00214-1","article-title":"Effects of autoclaving and disinfection on 3D surgical guides using LCD technology for dental implant","volume":"10","author":"Labakoum","year":"2024","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rutala, W.A. (2023, January 03). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection-control\/hcp\/disinfection-and-sterilization\/index.html#toc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rynio, P., Galant, K., W\u00f3jcik, \u0141., Grygorcewicz, B., Kazimierczak, A., Falkowski, A., Gutowski, P., Do\u0142\u0119gowska, B., and Kawa, M. (2022). Effects of Sterilization Methods on Different 3D Printable Materials for Templates of Physician-Modified Aortic Stent Grafts Used in Vascular Surgery\u2014A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073539"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"CDC (2024, December 31). Infection Control. 2024 [cited 31 December 2024]. Bioburden of Surgical Devices, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection-control\/hcp\/disinfection-sterilization\/bioburden-surgical-devices.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, J.M., Arrieta, M.P., Boronat, T., and Ferr\u00e1ndiz, S. (2022). Effects of Steam Heat and Dry Heat Sterilization Processes on 3D Printed Commercial Polymers Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050855"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00793","article-title":"Sterilization of Polymeric Implants: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Herczeg","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.12.003","article-title":"Sterilization of implantable polymer-based medical devices: A review","volume":"544","author":"Tipnis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100044","article-title":"Biocompatible 3D printing resins for medical applications: A review of marketed intended use, biocompatibility certification, and post-processing guidance","volume":"5","author":"Guttridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettersson, A.B.V., Ballardini, R.M., Mimler, M., Li, P., Salmi, M., Minssen, T., Gibson, I., and M\u00e4kitie, A. (2024). Core Legal Challenges for Medical 3D Printing in the EU. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12111114"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, R.I., Jauregui, I., Del Amo, C., Gandiaga, A., Rodriguez, O., Margallo, L., Voces, R., Martin, N., Gallego, I., and Minguez, R. (2022). Implementation of an In-House 3D Manufacturing Unit in a Public Hospital\u2019s Radiology Department. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091791"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., Cao, S., Msallem, B., Kunz, C., Brantner, P., Honigmann, P., and Thieringer, F.M. (2020). Effects of Steam Sterilization on 3D Printed Biocompatible Resin Materials for Surgical Guides\u2014An Accuracy Assessment Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051506"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024, May 20). Med 625\u2014Polyjet Technology Material\u2014Stratasys. Available online: https:\/\/www.stratasys.com\/en\/materials\/materials-catalog\/polyjet-materials\/flexible-clear-biocompatible-med625flx\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2018). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 1: Evaluation and Testing Within a Risk Management Process (Standard No. ISO 10993-1:2018). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68936.html."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"368","article-title":"Emerging Technology and Applications of 3D Printing in the Medical Field","volume":"115","author":"Mardis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"van Dal, V.H.a.M. (2025, January 27). Effect of Sterilization on 3D Printed Patient-Specific Surgical Guides. Available online: https:\/\/repository.tudelft.nl\/record\/uuid:58bc3434-251b-4a89-9ff7-5743742616fc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (Standard No. ASTM D790-17). Available online: https:\/\/store.astm.org\/d0790-17.html."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, December 25). The Definitive Guide to ASTM D790 Flexure Testing of Plastics [Internet]. [cited 25 December 2024]. Available online: https:\/\/www.instron.com\/en\/testing-solutions\/astm-standards\/the-definitive-guide-to-astm-d790."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shuen, C. (2020). Effects of Various Sterilization Protocols on the Dimensional Accuracy of 3D Printed Surgical Guides for Dental Implants. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Connecticut Graduate School]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, D., Baciu, F., Amza, C.G., Cotrut, C.M., and Marinescu, R. (2021). The Effect of Disinfectants Absorption and Medical Decontamination on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed ABS Parts. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234249"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosc, R., Tortolano, L., Hersant, B., Oudjhani, M., Leplay, C., Woerther, P.L., Aguilar, P., Leguen, R., and Meningaud, J.-P. (2021). Bacteriological and mechanical impact of the Sterrad sterilization method on personalized 3D printed guides for mandibular reconstruction. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79752-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-024-00206-1","article-title":"Low temperature vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization of 3D printed devices","volume":"10","author":"Eveland","year":"2024","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirschner, A., David, S., Brunello, G., Keilig, L., Drescher, D., Bourauel, C., and Becker, K. (2022). Impact of Steam Autoclaving on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Resins Used for Insertion Guides in Orthodontics and Implant Dentistry. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126195"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k, G., Gombocz, P., Bogn\u00e1r, E., Nagy, P., Dinya, E., Kisp\u00e9lyi, B., and Hermann, P. (2020). Effects of disinfection and sterilization on the dimensional changes and mechanical properties of 3D printed surgical guides for implant therapy\u2014Pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1005-0"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaborniak, M., Kluczy\u0144ski, J., Sta\u0144ko, J., and \u015al\u0119zak, T. (2024). The Influence of the Steam Sterilization Process on Selected Properties of Polymer Samples Produced in MEX and JMT Processes. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235763"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0000000000000908","article-title":"Effect of Steam Heat Sterilization on the Accuracy of 3D Printed Surgical Guides","volume":"28","author":"Marei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop, S.I., Dudescu, M., Mihali, S.G., P\u0103curar, M., and Bratu, D.C. (2022). Effects of Disinfection and Steam Sterilization on the Mechanical Properties of 3D SLA- and DLP-Printed Surgical Guides for Orthodontic Implant Placement. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102107"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.14374","article-title":"Influence of Material, Sterilization, and Disinfection on the Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Printed Surgical Templates: An In Vitro Study","volume":"36","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601812010072","article-title":"Evaluation of Dimensional Changes of 3D Printed Models After Sterilization: A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Shaheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rindelaub, J.D., Baird, Z., Lindner, B.A., and Strantz, A.A. (2019). Identifying extractable profiles from 3D printed medical devices. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217137"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Kohli, R., and Mittal, K.L. (2015). Chapter 4\u2014Methods for Verifying Medical Device Cleanliness. Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning, William Andrew Publishing."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129003","article-title":"Dental resins used in 3D printing technologies release ovo-toxic leachates","volume":"270","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2016-0028","article-title":"Biocompatibility of photopolymers for additive manufacturing","volume":"2","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2021.0216","article-title":"Assessing Leachable Cytotoxicity of 3D-Printed Polymers and Facile Detoxification Methods","volume":"10","author":"Rengarajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"3D Print. Addit. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/9\/924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:08Z","timestamp":1760034848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/9\/924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering12090924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12090924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}