{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:03Z","timestamp":1760060523930,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3232014","52005015","2025ZD0548901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical ventilation is indispensable for patients with severe respiratory conditions, and high-fidelity lung simulators play a pivotal role in ventilator testing, clinical training, and respiratory research. However, most existing simulators are passive, single-lung models with limited and discrete control over respiratory mechanics, which constrains their ability to reproduce realistic breathing dynamics. To overcome these limitations, this study presents a dual-chamber lung simulator that can operate in both active and passive modes. The system integrates a sliding mode controller enhanced by a linear extended state observer, enabling the accurate replication of complex respiratory patterns. In active mode, the simulator allows for the precise tuning of respiratory muscle force profiles, lung compliance, and airway resistance to generate physiologically accurate flow and pressure waveforms. Notably, it can effectively simulate pathological conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by adjusting key parameters to mimic the characteristic respiratory mechanics of these disorders. Experimental results show that the absolute flow error remains within \u00b13 L\/min, and the response time is under 200 ms, ensuring rapid and reliable performance. In passive mode, the simulator emulates ventilator-dependent conditions, providing continuous adjustability of lung compliance from 30 to 100 mL\/cmH2O and airway resistance from 2.01 to 14.67cmH2O\/(L\/s), with compliance deviations limited to \u00b15%. This design facilitates fine, continuous modulation of key respiratory parameters, making the system well-suited for evaluating ventilator performance, conducting human\u2013machine interaction studies, and simulating pathological respiratory states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T12:04:55Z","timestamp":1757505895000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision-Controlled Bionic Lung Simulator for Dynamic Respiration Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rong-Heng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mao-Lin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zu-Jin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-020-1778-8","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation strategy for pulmonary rehabilitation based on patient-ventilator interaction","volume":"64","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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