{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:44:30Z","timestamp":1760060670938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most common malocclusions encountered in everyday practice by orthodontists is skeletal Class II malocclusion, namely a protrusion of the maxilla, a retrusion of the mandible or a combination of both. To correct it, many clinicians use functional devices that guide the mandible into a more forward position. This stimulates bone growth, correcting the skeletal discrepancy. Controversy exists as to whether these appliances accelerate the growth rate, helping the mandible reach its final size earlier, or whether the growth of the mandible is observed as a positive response to the stimuli. This study examined whether the protrusion of the mandible in rats accelerates the growth rate or increases the overall growth of the mandible in the long run. Relapse was also assessed by removing the appliance prior to the end of the experiment. Seventy-two four-week-old Wistar rats were used. The treatment group, which consisted of 36 rats, had a device fitted on their upper incisors that led to a protrusion of their mandible. The device, a bite-jumping appliance, consisted of an iron-cast inclined plane and was fitted for 24 h a day, inducing a 3.5 mm anterior protrusion and 3 mm inferior displacement of the mandible. The control group consisted of 36 rats that were fed the same soft diet as the treatment group. Both groups were divided into three subgroups. The first was sacrificed 30 days after the onset of the experiment, the second at 60 days, and the last subgroup had the appliance removed for 30 days and was sacrificed 90 days after the onset of the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, as well as at each time interval prior to the sacrifice of the animals, the appliances were removed, and cone beam-computed tomography was performed on every animal. Linear measurements were made on each 3D scan, measuring the growth of the mandible. Measurements of mandibular growth were higher compared to the control group. For instance, Gonion-Menton was 1.18 mm higher on month 2 compared to month 1 in the control group, whereas the same measurement marked a 1.82 mm difference in the experimental group. Condylion\u2013Menton on the same intervals marked a 0.84 mm difference in the control, whereas a 1.35 mm difference was noted in the experimental group. Given the results, true mandibular growth is achieved using functional appliances for Class II malocclusion correction in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:59:51Z","timestamp":1758088791000},"page":"982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anterior Mandibular Displacement in Growing Rats Enhances Growth\u2014A 3D Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Efstratios","family":"Ferdianakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Lyros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetrios","family":"Halazonetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kanavakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Perlea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7817-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zafeiroula","family":"Yfanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantina-Eleni","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dafni","family":"Doukaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apostolos I.","family":"Tsolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90122-5","article-title":"A classification of skeletal facial types","volume":"55","author":"Sassouni","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81491-X","article-title":"Methods used to evaluate growth modification in Class II malocclusion","volume":"98","author":"Tulloch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.06.028","article-title":"Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with Class II Division I malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Stahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70006-I","article-title":"Changes in mandibular length before, during, and after successful orthopedic correction of Class II malocclusions, using a functional appliance","volume":"99","author":"DeVincenzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.02.008","article-title":"Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early class II treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tulloch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"410","article-title":"Cephalometric determinants of successful functional appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2319\/052708-281.1","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of fixed functional appliance on craniofacial structures","volume":"79","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2319\/021710-99.1","article-title":"A histochemical study on condylar cartilage and glenoid fossa during mandibular advancement","volume":"81","author":"Otwad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2003.45","article-title":"Functional appliance therapy accelerates and enhances condylar growth","volume":"123","author":"Rabie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.4.353","article-title":"Forward mandibular positioning enhances condylar adaptation in adult rats","volume":"26","author":"Rabie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.08.004","article-title":"Forward deviation of the mandibular condyle enhances endochondral ossification of condylar cartilage indicated by increased expression of type X collagen","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2003.6","article-title":"Lateral functional shift of the mandible: Part II. Effects on gene expression in condylar cartilage","volume":"123","author":"Fuentes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90411-2","article-title":"The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling","volume":"92","author":"Woodside","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.125992","article-title":"Role of suprahyoid musculature on mandibular morphology and growth orientation in rats","volume":"122","author":"Spyropoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600103","article-title":"Remodeling the dentofacial skeleton: The biological basis of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"86","author":"Meikle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyros, I., Tsolakis, I.A., Kotantoula, G., Tosios, K., George, V., Nikitakis, N., Ferdianakis, E., Lykogeorgos, T., Fora, E., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2025). Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Bone Remodeling Following Compressive Force on Mandibular Condyle. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030228"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff\u2019s Law for clinicians","volume":"74","author":"Frost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209409005634","article-title":"Ligament tension affects nuclear shape in situ: An in vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Matyas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.02.020","article-title":"The alteration of a mechanical property of bone cells during the process of changing from osteoblasts to osteocytes","volume":"43","author":"Sugawara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyros, I., Perrea, D., Tosios, K., Nikitakis, N., Tsolakis, I.A., Ferdianakis, E., Fora, E., Lykogeorgos, T., Maroulakos, M.P., and Vardas, E. (2022). Histological and Biochemical Analysis after Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110625"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2004.00307.x","article-title":"Skeletal effects of bite jumping therapy on the mandible- removable vs. fixed functional appliances","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjz089","article-title":"Mandibular propulsion appliance for adults with Class II malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyros, I., Makrygiannakis, M.A., Lykogeorgos, T., Ferdianakis, E., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2021). Posterior Mandibular Displacement\u2014A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030823"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyros, I., Ferdianakis, E., Halazonetis, D., Lykogeorgos, T., Alexiou, A., Alexiou, K.-E., Georgaki, M., Vardas, E., Yfanti, Z., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2022). Three-Dimensional Analysis of Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030144"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Moyers, R.E. (1988). Force systems and tissue responses to forces in orthodontics and facial orthopedics. Handbook of Orthodontics, Year Book Medical Publishers. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(79)90206-9","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of temporomandibular joint adaptations to protrusive function","volume":"76","author":"McNamara","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(69)90174-2","article-title":"Effects of mandibular hyperpropulsion on the prechondroblastic zone of young rat condyle","volume":"55","author":"Charlier","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730060401","article-title":"Effect of mechanical forces on chondrocyte maturation and differentiation in the mandibular condyle of the rat","volume":"73","author":"Kantomaa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12757","article-title":"Catabolic changes of rat temporomandibular joint discs induced by unilateral anterior crossbite","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral. Rhabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.2319\/120417-829.1","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone and functional appliance on mandibular growth in an adolescent rat model","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"154","article-title":"Functional appliances: A mortgage on mandibular position","volume":"14","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. Orthod. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(79)90227-6","article-title":"Treatment of Class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance: A cephalometric investigation","volume":"76","author":"Pancherz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90271-9","article-title":"Intensive treatment of severe Class II malocclusions with a headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition","volume":"86","author":"Wieslander","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(85)90233-7","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes following functional regulator therapy on Class II patients","volume":"88","author":"McNamara","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(85)90219-2","article-title":"Response to activator treatment in Class II malocclusions","volume":"88","author":"Vargervik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/17.3.165","article-title":"CT-scanning and radiographic analysis of temporomandibular joints and cephalometric analysis in a case of Herbst treatment in late puberty","volume":"17","author":"Paulsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70285-4","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint remodeling in adolescents and young adults during Herbst treatment: A prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric radiographic investigation","volume":"115","author":"Ruf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.1.1","article-title":"An appliance designed for experimental mandibular hyperpropulsion in rats","volume":"19","author":"Tsolakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.1.9","article-title":"Effects of altered mandibular function on mandibular growth after condylectomy","volume":"19","author":"Tsolakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90067-8","article-title":"Collagenolytic and phosphatase activity in the rat mandible after functional protrusion","volume":"34","author":"Bollen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archs Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1968.tb01654.x","article-title":"A cinefluorographic study of mandibular movement during feeding in the rat (Rattus Norvegicus)","volume":"154","author":"Hiiemae","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Zool"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.137624","article-title":"Effects of bite-jumping appliances on mandibular advancement in growing rats: A radiographic study","volume":"8","author":"Oksayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2319\/112608-603R.1","article-title":"Effects of mandibular advancement plus prohibition of lower incisor movement on mandibular growth in rats","volume":"79","author":"Taira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"431","article-title":"The correlation between neovascularization and bone formation in the condyle during forward mandibular positioning","volume":"72","author":"Rabie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(03)00128-6","article-title":"Propulsive appliance stimulates the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors I and II in the mandibular condylar cartilage of young rats","volume":"48","author":"Hajjar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"293","article-title":"A mandibular propulsive appliance modulates collagen-binding integrins distribution in the young rat condylar cartilage","volume":"43","author":"Marques","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300516","article-title":"Indian hedgehog: A mechanotransduction mediator in condylar cartilage","volume":"83","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Pressure and shear differentially alter human articular chondrocyte metabolism: A review","volume":"427","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2741\/1508","article-title":"Neovascularization and mandibular condylar bone remodelling in adult rats under mechanical strain","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/6.3.155","article-title":"Temporal bone adaptations in response to protrusive function in juvenile and young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"6","author":"Hinton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm129","article-title":"Does the degree of advancement during functional appliance therapy matter?","volume":"30","author":"Rabie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Correction of error in cephalometricroentograms","volume":"10","author":"Adams","year":"1940","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90028-5","article-title":"The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification","volume":"60","author":"Baumrid","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effect of image quality on the identification of cephalometric landmarks","volume":"48","author":"McWilliam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.21782","article-title":"Effects of diet consistency on mandibular growth. A review","volume":"70","author":"Tsolakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdianakis, E., Lyros, I., Tsolakis, I.A., Alexiou, A., Alexiou, K., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2022). Anterior Mandibular Displacement in Growing Rats-A Systematic Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162059"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotantoula, G., Tsolakis, I.A., Lyros, I., Makrygiannakis, M.A., Kanareli, C., Dalampira, M., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2023). Effects on Facial Growth Following Masseter Muscle Resection in Growing Rats-A Systematic Review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101680"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamani, I.I., Tsolakis, I.A., Makrygiannakis, M.A., Georgaki, M., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2022). Impact of Diet Consistency on the Mandibular Morphology: A Systematic Review of Studies on Rat Models. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052706"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.08.001","article-title":"Mandibular advancement and morphological changes in the mandibles of female mice of different ages","volume":"419110","author":"Tagliaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330240209","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s law and the problem of muscle attachment on resorptive surfaces of bone","volume":"24","author":"Hoyte","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(73)90290-X","article-title":"Neuromuscular and skeletal adaptation to altered function in the orofacial region","volume":"64","author":"McNamara","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330170204","article-title":"The relation of the temporal muscle to the form of the coronoid process","volume":"17","author":"Avis","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1159\/000144005","article-title":"An experimental study of functional components of growth in the rat mandible","volume":"85","author":"Moore","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90463-8","article-title":"Histologic analysis of temporomandibular joint adaptation to protrusive function in young adult rhesus monkeys (makaka mulata)","volume":"82","author":"McNamara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/3.3.205","article-title":"Effects of activator treatment- evidence for the occurrence of two different types of reaction","volume":"3","author":"Luder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.112875","article-title":"Osteogenesis in the glenoid fossa in response to mandibular advancement","volume":"119","author":"Rabie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Killiany, D.M. (1984). An Experimental Demonsration of Condylar Plasticity. [Master\u2019s Thesis, St Louis University]."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Yozwiak, R.A. (1979). An Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Condylar Growth in Young Guinea Pigs. [Master\u2019s Thesis, St Louis University]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Tsolakis, A.I. (1981). Effects of Posterior Mandibular Traction in the Rabbit: A Cephalometric, Histologic, Electromyographic Study. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Case Western Reserve University]."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"49","article-title":"Condylar cartilage response to continuous mandibular displacement in the rat","volume":"56","author":"Ghafari","year":"1986","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.024547","article-title":"Using the mouse to model human disease: Increasing validity and reproducibility","volume":"9","author":"Justice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"67","article-title":"An incidental finding on a diagnostic CBCT: A case report","volume":"30","author":"Lyros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Orthod. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2319\/032210-166.1","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans","volume":"81","author":"Gribel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Sambaziotis, D. (2020). Comparison of Mandibular Linear Measurements and Evaluation of Technique Reliability Between 2D and 3D Imaging on Rats. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens]."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"86","article-title":"The effect of continuous bite-jumping in adult rats: A morphological study","volume":"74","author":"Xiong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90462-6","article-title":"Anterior mandibular displacement and condylar growth. An experimental study in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Tonge","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/9\/982\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:46:30Z","timestamp":1760035590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/12\/9\/982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering12090982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering12090982","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5354"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}}}