{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1792159209188,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study analyzed the lower limb (LL) behavior in terms of gait asymmetry and joints\u2019 kinematic parameters, comparing people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and unaffected individuals. Methods: Data from 15 patients, EDSS \u2264 4.5, and 15 healthy control volunteers were gathered. The VICON Motion Capture System (14 infrared cameras), NEXUS software, Plug-in\u2013Gait skeleton model and reflective markers were used to collect data for each subject during five gait cycles on a plane surface. Biomechanical analysis included evaluation of LL joints\u2019 range of motion (ROM) bilaterally, as well as movement symmetry. Results: Comparative biomechanical analysis revealed a hierarchy of vulnerability between the groups: the ankle is the most affected joint in pwMS (p = 0.008\u20130.014), the knee is moderately affected (p = 0.015 in swing phase), and the hip is the least affected (p &gt; 0.05 in all phases). The swing phase showed the most significant left\u2013right asymmetry impairment, as reflected by root mean square error (RMSE) values: swing-phase RMSE = 9.306 \u00b1 4.635 (higher and more variable) versus stance-phase RMSE = 6.363 \u00b1 2.306 (lower and more consistent). Conclusions: MS does not affect the joints structurally; rather, it eliminates the ability to differentiate the fine-tuning control between them. The absence of significant left\u2013right joint asymmetry differences during complete gait cycle indicates dysfunction in the global motor control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12101067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1759305493000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Joint Kinematics and Gait Pattern in Multiple Sclerosis: A 3D Analysis Comparative Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1317-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Rosulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine, University of Craiova, 200177 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihnea Ion","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Innovative Techniques and Processes, Research Hub for Applied Sciences INCESA, University of Craiova, 200440 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6611-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Cristian","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Clinical County Hospital Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius Cristian","family":"Neamtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Rosulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine, University of Craiova, 200177 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4410","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatments","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. 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