{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:45:47Z","timestamp":1760060747980,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NIGMS","award":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"]}]},{"name":"Promotion of Doctoral Studies (PODS) II Scholarship from the Foundation for Physical Therapy Research","award":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"]}]},{"name":"SPARC Graduate Research Grant from the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of South Carolina","award":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"]}]},{"name":"University of Florida Partnerships Across Interdisciplinary Networks: Training through Engineering, Epidemiology &amp; Addiction Medicine (UF PAIN TEAM) NIH","award":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"]}]},{"name":"University of Florida Pain Research &amp; Intervention Center of Excellence","award":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM081740","T32-GM081740","T90AR085527"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional vibrational systems associated with proprioception are mostly equipped with a single standard frequency and amplitude. This feature often fails to show kinesthetic illusion on different subjects, as different individuals respond to different frequencies and amplitudes. Additionally, different muscle groups may also require the flexibility of frequencies and amplitudes. We developed a custom vibrational system that is equipped with flexible frequency and amplitude, adapted to a custom graphical user interface (GUI). Based on the user\u2019s criteria, the proposed vibrational system enables a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes that can be swept under a single platform. In addition, the system uses small linear actuators that are wearable and attach to the subject without the need for restrictive straps. The vibrational system was used to model trunk proprioceptive impairment associated with low back pain. Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. It is mostly associated with impaired postural control of the trunk. For postural control, the somatosensory system transmits proprioceptive (position sense) information from the sensors in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons. Proprioceptive studies on trunk muscles have been conducted where the application of vibration at a set amplitude and frequency across all participants resulted in altered proprioception and a kinesthetic illusion, but not in all individuals. To assess the feasibility of the system, we manipulated the trunk proprioception of five subjects, demonstrating that the vibrational system is capable of modulating trunk proprioception and the value of customizing parameters of the system to obtain maximal deficits from individual subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12101088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1759852110000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative Compact Vibrational System with Custom GUI for Modulating Trunk Proprioception Using Individualized Vibration Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9750-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debdyuti","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Gilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheri P.","family":"Silfies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20627","article-title":"Kinesthesia: The role of muscle receptors","volume":"34","author":"Proske","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: Their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. 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