{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:11:23Z","timestamp":1793689883075,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12502379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12502379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Transient Impact","award":["6142606243106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142606243106"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang University","award":["XY2024012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XY2024012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorders; its cardinal motor signs\u2014tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity\u2014substantially impair quality of life. Conventional clinician-rated scales can be subjective and exhibit limited interrater reliability, underscoring the need for objective and reliable quantification. We present an integrated evaluation framework that leverages surface electromyography (sEMG) with multimodal sensing. For representation learning, we combine time\u2013frequency descriptors with Mini-ROCKET features. Grading is performed by an sEMG-based Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) model (LDA-SV) that produces per-segment probabilities for ordinal scores (0\u20133) and aggregates them via soft voting to assign item-level ratings. Participants completed a standardized protocol spanning gait, seated rest, and upper-limb tasks (forearm pronation\u2013supination, finger-to-nose, fist clench, and thumb\u2013index pinch). Using the aforementioned dataset, we report task-wise performance with 95% confidence intervals and compare the proposed model against CNN, LSTM, and InceptionTime using McNemar tests and log-odds ratios. The results indicate that the proposed model outperforms the three baseline models overall. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach, suggesting a viable pathway for the objective quantification of PD motor symptoms and facilitating broader clinical adoption of sEMG in diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12101116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:18:54Z","timestamp":1760948334000},"page":"1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Motor Symptoms via Wearable Inertial Measurements Units and Surface Electromyography Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6828-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Education, Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoneng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6522-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingfei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00094-1","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease from 1980 to 2023: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000520726","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in adults aged 65 years and older in China: A multicenter population-based survey","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6233","article-title":"Parkinson disease subtypes","volume":"71","author":"Thenganatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. 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